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Other Systems Content App > Metabolic and endocrine system > Flashcards

Metabolic and endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic System

A
  • governs the chemical and physical changes that take place within the body enabling it to grow and function
  • metabolism involves breakdown of the body’s complex organic compounds in order to generate energy for all bodily processes
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2
Q

endocrine system

A
  • consists of endocrine glands that secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to signal specific target cells throughout the boy
  • the hormones travel throughout the body to the target organs upon which they act
  • they will bind selectively to receptor sites on the surface of the receptors cells
  • endocrine and nervous system both function to achieve and maintain stability of the internal enviroment
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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • part of the diencephalon located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere
  • the hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland through the infundibular or pituitary stalk
  • it is responsible for regulation of the ANS and other endocrine glands through its impact on the pituitary gland
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4
Q

Growth Hormone- Releasing Hormone

A
  • hypothalamus hormone
    target: pituitary glans
  • Function: increases the release of growth hormone
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5
Q

GRowth hormone- Inhibiting Hormone

A
  • hypothalamus hormone
  • target: pituitary gland
  • Function: decreases the release of growth hormone
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6
Q

Gonadotropin- Releasing HOrmone

A
  • hypothalamus hormone
  • target: pituitary glans
  • Function: increases the release of lutenizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
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7
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A
  • hypothalamus hormone
  • target: pituitary glans
  • Function: increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
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8
Q

Prolactin- Releasing hormone

A
  • hypothalamus hormone
  • target: pituitary gland
  • function: stimulates the release of prolactin
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9
Q

Prolactin- Inhibitory Factor; dopamine

A
  • hypothalamus hormone
  • target: pituitary gland

-function: decreases the release of prolactin

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10
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • normally the size of a pea and is located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalmus
  • consists of 2 separate glands: ant and posterior
  • considered the most important part of the endocrine system since it releases hormones that regulate several other endocrine glands
  • “master gland” influenced by factors such as seasonal changes or emotional stress
  • secretes endorphins that act on the nervous system and reduce a person’s sensitivity to pain
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11
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: bone and muscle

-Function: Promotes growth and development; increases teh rate of protein synthesis

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12
Q

Follicle- Stimulating Hormone

A
  • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: ovaries and testes
  • Function: Promotes follicular development and the creation of estrogen in females; promotes spermatogenesis in males
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13
Q

Luteinizing Hormones

A
  • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: ovaries and testes

-Function: Promotes ovulation along with estrogen/ progesterone synthesis from the corpus luteum in females; promotes testosterone synthesis in males

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14
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating hormone

A
  • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: thyroid gland

-Function: Increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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15
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A
    • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: adrenal cortex

-Function: increases cortisol synthesis

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16
Q

Prolactin

A
    • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: mammary glands

-Function: allows for the process of lactation

17
Q

oxytocin

A
  • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: uterus and mammary glands

-Function: increases contraction of uterine muscles; promotes release of milk from mammary glands

18
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A
    • Pituitary Hormone
  • Target: kidneys

-Function: increases water reabsorption; conserves water; increases BP through stimulating contraction of muscles in small arteries

19
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • located on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea immediately below the larynx and is shaped like a “bow tie” or “butterfly” with two halves; a right lobe and a left lobe joined by an isthmus
  • the thyroid produces thyroxine and triiodythyronine that act to control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food
  • an increases in thyroid hormones will increase the rate of the chemical reactions within the body
20
Q

Thyroxine T4, triiodothhyronine T3

A

thyroid hormones

  • target: all tissues
  • Function: involved with normal development; increases cellular level metabolism
21
Q

cacitonin

A

thyroid hormones

  • target:plasma
  • Function: increases calcium storage in bone; decreases blood calcium levels
22
Q

parathyroid glands

A
  • found on the posterior surface of teh thyroid lateral lobes
  • produce parathyroid hormone, which functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
23
Q

Parathormone

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • target: bone, kidney, intestinal mucosa
  • function: increases blood calcium
24
Q

adrenal glands

A
25
Q

androgen

A

Adrenal cortex hormone

  • target: ovaries and testes
  • Function: increases masculinization; promotes growth of pubic hair in males and females
26
Q

aldosterone

A

Adrenal cortex hormone

  • target: kidneys
  • Function: increases reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys to the blood;increases excretion of potassium ions by the kidney into the urine
27
Q

COrtisol

A

Adrenal cortex hormone

  • target: gastrointestinal system
  • Function: influences metabolism of food molecules; anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts
28
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla hormone

  • target: cardiovascular and metabolic systems
  • Function: increases heart rate and force of contraction; increases energy production; vasodilation in skeletal muscle
29
Q

norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla hormone

  • target: cardiovascular and metabolic systems
  • Function: vasoconstriction in skin, viscera and skeletal muscles
30
Q

Pancreas

A

located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, extending from the duodenum to the spleen

  • includes both endocrine and exocrine tissues
  • islets of langerhans are the hormone- producing cells of the pancreas
  • alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
31
Q

GLucagon

A
  • Pancreas hormone
  • target: liver
  • Function: increases blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
32
Q

insulin

A
  • Pancreas hormone
  • target: all body systems
  • Function: decreases blood glucose and increases the storage of fat, protein, and carbohydrates
33
Q

Ovaries

A
  • located in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus

- provide estrogen and progesterone that contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

34
Q

estrogen, progesterone

A

ovaries hormone

  • target: uterus and mammary glands
  • function: involved in regulation of the female reproductive system and female sexual characteristics
35
Q

Testes

A
  • located in the scrotum between teh upper thighs
  • testes secret androgens that regulate body changes associated with sexual development and support the production of sperm
36
Q

testosterone

A
  • testes hormone
  • target: pituitary gland
  • function: involved in the process of spermatogenesis and male sexual characteristics
37
Q

hyperfunction of an endocrine gland

A
  • usually secondary to overstimulation of the pituitary gland. this can also occur due to hyperplasia or neoplasia of the gland itself
38
Q

hypofunction of an endocrine gland

A
  • usually secondary to understimulation of the pituitary gland. this can also occur from congenital or acquired disorders

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