Metabolic and endocrine system Flashcards
Metabolic System
- governs the chemical and physical changes that take place within the body enabling it to grow and function
- metabolism involves breakdown of the body’s complex organic compounds in order to generate energy for all bodily processes
endocrine system
- consists of endocrine glands that secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to signal specific target cells throughout the boy
- the hormones travel throughout the body to the target organs upon which they act
- they will bind selectively to receptor sites on the surface of the receptors cells
- endocrine and nervous system both function to achieve and maintain stability of the internal enviroment
Hypothalamus
- part of the diencephalon located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere
- the hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland through the infundibular or pituitary stalk
- it is responsible for regulation of the ANS and other endocrine glands through its impact on the pituitary gland
Growth Hormone- Releasing Hormone
- hypothalamus hormone
target: pituitary glans - Function: increases the release of growth hormone
GRowth hormone- Inhibiting Hormone
- hypothalamus hormone
- target: pituitary gland
- Function: decreases the release of growth hormone
Gonadotropin- Releasing HOrmone
- hypothalamus hormone
- target: pituitary glans
- Function: increases the release of lutenizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- hypothalamus hormone
- target: pituitary glans
- Function: increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
Prolactin- Releasing hormone
- hypothalamus hormone
- target: pituitary gland
- function: stimulates the release of prolactin
Prolactin- Inhibitory Factor; dopamine
- hypothalamus hormone
- target: pituitary gland
-function: decreases the release of prolactin
Pituitary gland
- normally the size of a pea and is located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalmus
- consists of 2 separate glands: ant and posterior
- considered the most important part of the endocrine system since it releases hormones that regulate several other endocrine glands
- “master gland” influenced by factors such as seasonal changes or emotional stress
- secretes endorphins that act on the nervous system and reduce a person’s sensitivity to pain
Growth Hormone
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: bone and muscle
-Function: Promotes growth and development; increases teh rate of protein synthesis
Follicle- Stimulating Hormone
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: ovaries and testes
- Function: Promotes follicular development and the creation of estrogen in females; promotes spermatogenesis in males
Luteinizing Hormones
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: ovaries and testes
-Function: Promotes ovulation along with estrogen/ progesterone synthesis from the corpus luteum in females; promotes testosterone synthesis in males
Thyroid-Stimulating hormone
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: thyroid gland
-Function: Increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: adrenal cortex
-Function: increases cortisol synthesis
Prolactin
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: mammary glands
-Function: allows for the process of lactation
oxytocin
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: uterus and mammary glands
-Function: increases contraction of uterine muscles; promotes release of milk from mammary glands
antidiuretic hormone
- Pituitary Hormone
- Target: kidneys
-Function: increases water reabsorption; conserves water; increases BP through stimulating contraction of muscles in small arteries
Thyroid gland
- located on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea immediately below the larynx and is shaped like a “bow tie” or “butterfly” with two halves; a right lobe and a left lobe joined by an isthmus
- the thyroid produces thyroxine and triiodythyronine that act to control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food
- an increases in thyroid hormones will increase the rate of the chemical reactions within the body
Thyroxine T4, triiodothhyronine T3
thyroid hormones
- target: all tissues
- Function: involved with normal development; increases cellular level metabolism
cacitonin
thyroid hormones
- target:plasma
- Function: increases calcium storage in bone; decreases blood calcium levels
parathyroid glands
- found on the posterior surface of teh thyroid lateral lobes
- produce parathyroid hormone, which functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate.
Parathormone
- parathyroid hormone
- target: bone, kidney, intestinal mucosa
- function: increases blood calcium
adrenal glands
androgen
Adrenal cortex hormone
- target: ovaries and testes
- Function: increases masculinization; promotes growth of pubic hair in males and females
aldosterone
Adrenal cortex hormone
- target: kidneys
- Function: increases reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys to the blood;increases excretion of potassium ions by the kidney into the urine
COrtisol
Adrenal cortex hormone
- target: gastrointestinal system
- Function: influences metabolism of food molecules; anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts
Epinephrine
Adrenal medulla hormone
- target: cardiovascular and metabolic systems
- Function: increases heart rate and force of contraction; increases energy production; vasodilation in skeletal muscle
norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla hormone
- target: cardiovascular and metabolic systems
- Function: vasoconstriction in skin, viscera and skeletal muscles
Pancreas
located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, extending from the duodenum to the spleen
- includes both endocrine and exocrine tissues
- islets of langerhans are the hormone- producing cells of the pancreas
- alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin
GLucagon
- Pancreas hormone
- target: liver
- Function: increases blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
insulin
- Pancreas hormone
- target: all body systems
- Function: decreases blood glucose and increases the storage of fat, protein, and carbohydrates
Ovaries
- located in the pelvic cavity on each side of the uterus
- provide estrogen and progesterone that contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
estrogen, progesterone
ovaries hormone
- target: uterus and mammary glands
- function: involved in regulation of the female reproductive system and female sexual characteristics
Testes
- located in the scrotum between teh upper thighs
- testes secret androgens that regulate body changes associated with sexual development and support the production of sperm
testosterone
- testes hormone
- target: pituitary gland
- function: involved in the process of spermatogenesis and male sexual characteristics
hyperfunction of an endocrine gland
- usually secondary to overstimulation of the pituitary gland. this can also occur due to hyperplasia or neoplasia of the gland itself
hypofunction of an endocrine gland
- usually secondary to understimulation of the pituitary gland. this can also occur from congenital or acquired disorders
