MET Flashcards
Describe the changes epithelial structure at each of the following four junctions in the GI tract:
gastro-oesophageal
gastro-duodenal
ileo-ceacal
recto-anal
Gastro-esophageal: Simple columnar (Gastric) -> stratified squamous (oesophagus)
Gastro-duodenal: Epithelial glands in mucosa (Gastric) -> Epithelial glands in sub-mucosa (Duodenum)
Ileo-cecal: Epithelium in villi (ileum) -> no villi (large intestine)
Recto-anal: Simple columnar (rectum) -> stratified squamous (anal)
What do these GI cells secrete:
Goblet cell
Parietal cell
Chief cell
G-cell
ECL cell
Goblet cell - Mucous
Parietal cell - Intrinsic factor
Chief cell - Pepsinogen
G-cell - Gastrin
ECL cell - Histamine
What is the function of each part of the renal tubule:
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Renal corpuscle
Proximal tubule - Most reabsorption happens here
Distal tubule - Cells form the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Loop of Henle - Generates counter-current gradient
Collecting duct - Sites of ADH
Renal corpuscle - filters plasma
How do the cells in the distal tubule detect low blood pressue
Osmoreceptors within the distal tubule detect low sodium concentration
What substances are produced in each part of the adrenal gland:
Adrenal Medulla
Zona Reticularis
Zona fasciculata
Zona Glomerulosa
Deep
Adrenal medulla = catecholamines (adrenaline)
Zona reticularis = glucocorticoids and androgens (DHEA - dehydroepiandrosterone)
Zona fasciculata = glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona glomerulosa = aldosterone
Superficial (Renal capsule)
Which adrenal gland region has a lot of lipid droplets (so would show up in lipid staining)
Zona fasciculata (cortisol)
What cells make up the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells
Oxyphil cells (less abundant clumps)
Label the lumbar plexus
Innocent Ian Gets Lunch On fridays:
- Iliohypogastric (L1)
- Ilioinguinal (L1)
- Genitofemoral (L1, L2)
- Lateral Cutaneous Nerve (L2, L3)
- Obturator (L2, L3, L4)
- femoral (L2, L3, L4)
- A: Subcostal nerve
- B: Iliohypogastric nerve
- C: Ilioinguinal nerve
- D: Genitofemoral nerve
- E: Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
- F: Femoral nerve
- G: Obturator nerve
Above and below the dentate line, state the differences in the Upper and Lower anal canals in:
- Embryological origin
- Epithelium
- Arterial supply
- Venous drainage
- Lymphatics
- Innervation
Upper anal canal:
- Embryological origin: Endoderm (from hindgut)
- Epithelium: Simple columnar
- Arterial supply: Superior rectal artery
- Venous drainage: Superior rectal vein
- Lymphatics Internal iliac lymph nodes
- Innervation: Inferior hypogastric plexus (visceral)
Lower anal canal:
- Embryological origin: Ectoderm (from cloaca)
- Epithelium: Non-keratinised stratified squamous
- Arterial supply: Middle and inferior rectal arteries
- Venous drainage: Middle and inferior rectal veins
- Lymphatics: Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
- Innervation: Inferior rectal nerve (somatic)
What is Conn’s syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism (Zona Glomerulosa)
What part of the liver does congestive hepatopathy affect
Centrilobar
Chronic dilation of the interlobular veins in the centrilobular zone of the hepatic sinusoids.
What are the intraperitoneal structures
- Liver
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Duodenum (first part)
- Ileum + jejunum
- Transverse colon
- Sigmoid colon
What are the retroperitoneal structures
‘SAD PUCKER’
- Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
- Abdominal aorta
- Duodenum (2nd-4th parts)
- Pancreas
- Ureters
- Colon (ascending + descending)
- Kidneys
- E(O)esophagus
- Rectum
At what vertebrae level are the thyroid glands
C5-T1
What do Chief cells produce and what does it activate
PTH which stimulates 1-alpha hydroxylase
1 - alpha hydroxlase converts 25-hydroxy Vitamin D (Calcifediol) to 1,25-dehydroxy Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
What are the main secretions of the pancreas into the pancreatic duct
Bicarbonate
Digestive enzymes
What are hiatal hernias, what are the types and what is the most common
Hiatal hernias are protusions of intra-abdominal structures through and enlarged oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm
Types:
- Sliding Hiatal Hernia (most common)
- Paraoesophageal Hiatal Hernia
What anatomical feature is used to locate the cystic artery and what forms it
Calot’s triangle
The borders consist of: Common hepatic duct, Cystic duct and the inferior surface of the liver
What is the organisation of the renal arterioles?
Renal artery –> Segmental artery –> Lobar artery –> Interlobar artery –> Arcuate artery –> Interlobular artery –> Afferent arterioles
What are the innervation of the eye muscles and what does each muscle do
Lateral rectus - VI: Turn eye laterally
Medual rectus - III: Turns eye medially
Superior rectus - III: Turns eye superiorly
Inferior rectus - III: Turns eye inferiorly
Superior Oblique - IV: Depresses, intorts and abducts (down and out)
Inferior Oblique - III: Elevatesm extorts and adducts (up and in)
What hormone is produced in excess in cushings syndrome and where is it produced
Excess cortisol and it is produced in the zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland
Name and describe the location of the suprahyoid muscles
Signs and symptoms of minimal change disease in the kidneys
Peripheral oedema, weight gain, hypoalbuminaemia and proteinuria
Light microscopy shows no changes
What cells make up the majority of the anterior pitruitary gland
Somatotrophic cells
