HD Flashcards
State the artery and nerve supply of the pharyngeal arches and what muscles they contribute to
4th pharyngeal arch
Artery: aortic arch & proximal segment of right subclavian artery
Nerve: superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X)
Muscles: All muscles of the soft palate (EXCEPT tensor veli palatini); all muscles of the pharynx (EXCEPT stylopharyngeus); cricopharyngeus & cricothyroid
3rd pharyngeal arch
Artery: common carotid artery & proximal segment of internal carotid artery
Nerve: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Muscles: stylopharyngeus
2nd pharyngeal arch
Artery: stapedial artery
Nerve: facial nerve (CN VII)
Muscles: muscles of facial expression; stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric
1st pharyngeal arch
Artery: maxillary artery
Nerve: trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Muscles: muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
What are the outermost layer of the placental villi and what do these cells secrete
Syncytiotrophoblasts
These cells secrete:
Leptin
Progesterone
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Chorionic somatomammotropin (human placental lactogen)
Placental growth hormone
Describe the stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIN I: Mild dysplasia, confined to the basal one third of the epithelium
CIN II: Moderate dysplasia, confined to the basal two thirds of the epithelium
CIN III: Severe dysplasia, affecting more than two thirds of the epithelium
Describe the degrees of uterine prolapse
First degree: The cervix drops into the vagina.
Second degree: The cervix drops to the level just inside the opening of the vagina.
Third degree: The cervix is outside the vagina.
Fourth degree: The whole uterus is outside the vagina.
Lancefield grouping shows that this organism has group B antigens
What organsim is it, when is it screened and how is it treated in pregnancy
Group B Streptococcus
Screened for in pregnancy 35-38 weeks
Treated with Benzylpenicillin
What is Hutchinson’s caused by
Congenital Syphillis which is caused by Treponema Pallidum
What is sildenafil’s mechanism of action
Corpus cavernosum relaxation by preventing breakdown of cGMP
What kind of testicular cancer is shown and what could the patient present with
Seminoma - Patient could present with painless testicular lump, does not transilluminate, testicular discomfort (has a good prognosis)
Key characteristics:
- Nuclear pleomorphism
- Prominent nucleoli
- Clear cytoplasm
- Defined cell boundaries
- Lymphocyte infiltration
What are foetal complications due to gestational diabetes
A complication to the foetus is hyperbilirubinaemia, believed to be a result of foetal hyperglycaemia causing polycythemia, and consequent liver congestion.
What information does the ventropostolateral nucleus of the thalamus recieve and from what tracts
It proprioceptive input from the upper and lower limbs of the body. This information travels to the brain via the cuneate fasciculus and the gracile fasciculus of the DCML, respectively.
Name the actions of these drugs:
- Citalopram
- Venlafaxin
- Fluoxetine
- Trazodone
- Desipramine
Citalopram:
- Inhibits reuptake of serotonin
- Has weak affinity for noradrenaline, acetylcholine and histamine
Venlafaxine:
- Inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin
- In high doses has weak affinity for dopamine
Fluoxetine:
- Inhibits reuptake of serotonin
- Has very weak affinity for noradrenaline
Trazodone:
- Inhibits reuptake of serotonin
- Antagonist at histamine receptors and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
Desipramine:
- Inhibits reuptake of noradrenaline
- Weakly inhibits serotonin reuptake
- Antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
Name the structures each of these pathways connect:
- Mesolimbic pathway
- Mesocortical pathway
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway
- Nigrostriatal pathway
Mesolimbic pathway → ventral tegmental area to ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens and olfactory), amygdala and hippocampus
Mesocortical pathway → ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex
Tuberoinfundibular pathway → arcuate nucleus to median eminence
Nigrostriatal pathway → susbtantia nigra pars compacta to dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
What is the main function of the superior cerebellar peduncle
To output to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus
