LOCO Flashcards
Name the stages of the brachial plexus
Nerves –> Trunks –> Divisions –> Chords –> Branches
Name the branches of the brachial plexus (superior to inferior)
Musculocutaneous (C5-C7) Axillary (C5-C6) Median (C5 -T1) Radial (C5-T1) Ulnar (C8-T1)
Name the motor and sensory innervations of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous:
- Motor: Brachialis, Biceps Brachii, Coracobrachialis
- Sens: Lateral cutaneous branch –> lateral anterior forearm
Axillary:
- Motor: Teres minor, Deltoid
- Sens: Superior lateral cutaneous –> Inferior region of the deltoid
Median:
- Motor: Most flexor muscles in the forearm, thenar muscle, two lateral lumbricals (1st and 2nd finger)
- Sens: Palmar cutaneous branch –> lateral palm
Digital cutaneous branch –> lateral 3.5 fingers on the anterior surface
Radial:
- Motor: Triceps brachii, muscles in posterior forearm (primarily wrist and finger extensors)
- Sens: Posterior aspect of arm and forearm, posterolateral aspect of hand
Ulnar:
- Motor: Remaining muscles of the hand, flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
- Sens: Anterior and posterior surfaces of the medial one and half fingers, and associated palm area
Describe the bone healing process
Haematoma formation (Days 1 - 5)
fibrocartilaginous callus formation (Days 5 - 11)
Bony callus formation (Days 11 - 28)
Bone remodelling (Day 28 - months/years)
from what lineage are osteoblasts and osteoclasts from
Osteoblasts - macrophage lineage (bone marrow)
Osteoclasts - Mesenchymal connective tissue precursor lineage
What are the clinical symptoms of popliteal artery entrapment
Cold feet following exercise
Paraesthesia of the leg
Calf numbness
What are the clinical symptoms of popliteal vein entrapment
Feeling of leg 'heaviness' Lower leg cramping Calf swelling Calf skin discoloration Deep vein thrombosis
What kind of hereditary disease is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
X-linked Hereditary disease
What are hallmark features of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Pain and stiffness in the joints which is worse in the mornings
Pain and stiffness lasts for more than an hour
Symmetrical distribution
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnostic criteria and form of arthritis is likely
SOAP BRAIN MD
Serositis → pleuritis, pericarditis
Oral ulcers
Arthritis → e.g. Jaccoud’s arthritis
Photosensitivity
Blood Disorders → anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, lymphopenia
Renal Disorder → proteinuria, glomerulonephritis,
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) - positive
Immunological disorder → Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Antiphospholipid antibodies
Neurological disorder → seizures, psychosis
Malar (Butterfly) Rash
Discoid Rash
Jaccoud’s arthritis/arthropathy
What medication can cause Necrotising autoimmune myopathy
Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors)
Atorvastatin
What are the stages of Perthes disease
Stage 1 ~ necrosis
Insufficient blood supply to femoral head causing ischaemia and subsequently necrosis
Femoral head begins to flatten
Crescent sign (subchondral translucency indicating susceptibility to fracturing) may be present on the femoral head
Stage 2 ~ fragmentation
Necrotic bone is re-absorbed and femoral hand flattens completely and fragments
Slight subluxation of femoral head out of acetabulum
Stage 3 ~ re-ossification
Growth of new bone to replace necrotic tissue
Stage 4 ~ healed
Femoral head has fully healed, however structural irregularities, such as enlargement or flattening of the femoral head, may be present
What is club foot known as
Talipes equinovarus
What are the features of Osteoarthritis in X-rays
Subchondral sclerosis
Subchondral cyst
Osteophytes
Joint space narrowing
Signs and symptoms of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Pain, especially in the neck or upper back Stiffness, usually worse in the morning Loss of range of motion in the back Decreased mobility Difficulty swallowing or a hoarse voice
Name the tuli classification
Stage 1:
Neural deficit is not fully evident unless clinically tested by the clinician in which case the following may be observed: ankle clonus; exaggerated deep tendon reflexes; Babinski sign.
Stage 2:
Spasticity evident.
Patient suffers from motor deficit although they are still able to walk.
Stage 3:
Patient is bedridden.
Spastic paralysis in extension.
Stage 4:
Patient is bedridden.
Severe sensory loss with/without pressure sores.
Stage 5: Patient is bedridden. Severe sensory loss with/without pressure sores. Bladder/bowel control may be affected. Paraplegia may be evident. Paralysis in flexion.
Name the layers of epidermis from superficial to deep
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin e.g. palm of hands and soles of feet) Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale
Pott’s disease signs and symptoms
Symptoms:
Vertebral damage leading to an increased kyphotic deformity and subsequent back pain
Excessive spinal curvature can also compress spinal nerves which may lead to paraplegia
Systemic symptoms, such as malaise, fever, appetite loss. haemoptysis, night sweats and weight loss
Pott’s disease radiograph findings
Paraspinal abscess formation
Widened superior mediastinum
Tracheal displacement anteriorly (seen on lateral-view)
Anterior wedging of the spine due to breakdown of vertebral endplates (seen on lateral-view)
Presence of gibbus deformity (a short segment of kyphosis in the thoracolumbar region) (seen on lateral-view)
What is Boutonniere Deformity
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) flexion and distal interphalangeal (DIP) hyperextension
Name the points of attachment of the: ACL PCL MCL LCL
ACL - connects the lateral condyle of the femur to the intercondylar region of the tibia
PCL - attaches at the medial condyle of the femur to the intercondylar region of the posterior aspect of the tibia
MCL - connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
LCL - lateral epicondyle of the femur to the fibula head
