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PMCOL 303 > Mercury > Flashcards

Mercury Flashcards

1
Q

what can mercury do to the brain

A

demyelination

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2
Q

what are the 3 forms of mercury

A

elemental, inorganic and organic

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3
Q

where is elemental mercury often found

A

in thermometers

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4
Q

what state is elemental mercury at room temperature

A

liquid

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5
Q

what is inorganic mercury

A

mercury bound to other elements

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6
Q

what is often mercury combined with in inorganic mercury

A

chloride

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7
Q

what are 2 types of organic mercury

A

methylmercury and dimethylmercury

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8
Q

where is methylmercury often found

A

in fish

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9
Q

what is the deal with dimethylmercury

A

a few millilitres can kill and it easily passes through the skin

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10
Q

what is the deal with mercury vapour

A

it is readily absorbed via the lungs so it is extremely hazardous

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11
Q

does mercury vapour absorb in the lungs easily? what %

A

yes, 80%

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12
Q

what happens if you swallow elemental mercury liquid

A

non toxic actually

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13
Q

what happens once you inhale elemental mercury

A

catalase in RBC convert it into inorganic or divalent form

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14
Q

how does elemental mercury accumulate in the CNS

A

because it is ionized so then its trapped once it enters the CNS

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15
Q

where does mercury get accumulated in the body

A

CNS

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16
Q

how does elemental mercury stay in the CNS (why is it trapped)

A

because it is ionized

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of ionized elemental mercury accumulation similar to

A

symptoms to inorganic poisoning

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18
Q

how is inorganic mercury often found

A

as metallic mercury (Hg) or as salts: Hg+ or Hg2+ often as Hg- chloride or sulfide

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19
Q

what is inorganic mercury often used for

A

batteries, plastics, fungicides

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20
Q

what are 2 bad things about inorganic mercury (general)

A

toxic, corrosive

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21
Q

what is the primary route of inorganic mercury entry

A

oral

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22
Q

what is oral entry of inorganic mercury absorption

A

poor, 10%

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23
Q

what is cinnabar

A

mercury sulfide

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24
Q

besides oral, how else can inorganic mercury enter the body

A

through skin

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25
Q

where does inorganic mercury accumulate + how

A

renal tubules via OATs

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26
Q

how does inorganic mercury accumulate in the renal tubules

A

via OATs

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27
Q

what is CNS penetration of inorganic mercury like (2)

A

very little because of low lipophilicity

-but slow elimination & chronic exposure can result in toxicity

28
Q

what are 3 forms of organic mercury

A

aryl (ring), short and long chain alkyl compounds

29
Q

how is organic mercury (like methylmercury) easily absorbed + %

A

easily through GI (50-90%)

30
Q

what happens once organic mercury enters via GI (where does it go)

A

it is distributed to most organs, can pass BBB and placenta

31
Q

can organic mercury pass BBB

A

yes

32
Q

can organic mercury cross placenta

A

yeah :(

33
Q

what happens once organic mercury is absorbed (what does it turn into)

A

inorganic form

34
Q

what is the formula for methylmercury

A

CH3Hg+

35
Q

what is a way that methylmercury can cause damage

A

it has high affinity for SH groups so it replaces the hydrogen (damage proteins, enzymes)

36
Q

what is the most common way to be exposed to methylmercury

A

seafood

37
Q

how much dimethylmercury can kill you

A

a few millilitres

38
Q

what are acutes symptoms of elemental mercury as vapour toxicirt

A

bronchial irritation, pneumonites, can be fatal

-mercury vapor triad too

39
Q

what is the mercury vapor triad

A

tremors, gingivitis and erethism

40
Q

what is erethism

A

memory loss, excitability, insomnia, depression, shyness

41
Q

what are 4 acute symptoms for inorganic hg toxicity

A

abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

42
Q

what happens to kidneys with inorganic hg toxicity (2)

A

acute binding to thiols, epithelial cell necrosis of proximal tubule

43
Q

what happens with chronic low dose of inorganic mercury

A

immunologic glomerular disease, proteinurea (high MW)

44
Q

what is the main type of toxicity with organic hg

A

neurotoxicity

cortex and cerebellum

45
Q

where in the brain does organic hg effect the most

A

cortex and cerebellum

46
Q

what are some bodily symptoms of organic hg toxicity

A

paresthesia, ataxia, weakness, coma, death

47
Q

what is parathesia

A

numbness and tingling around mouth and lips (peripheral nerve damage)

48
Q

what happens to the brain with organic hg toxicity (3)

A

edema, grey matter destruction, atrophy

49
Q

list the following symptoms in order of least to most mercury required

death
ataxia
deafness
paresthesia
dysarthria (motor speech disorder)
A 
paresthesia
ataxia
dysarthria (motor speech disorder)
deafness
death
50
Q

what 3 major mechanisms are thought to cause methylmercury cytotoxicity

A
  • increased inracellular Ca2+
  • covalent modification of sulfhydryl groups
  • increase oxidative stress
51
Q

how does methylmercury cytotoxicity cause increased intracellular Ca++

A

release from intracellular stores via muscarinic receptor activation on ER followed by increase entry thru membrane bound channels

52
Q

what happens to SH groups with methylmercury cytotoxicity

A

they become covalently modified

53
Q

how does oxidative stress happen with methylmercury cytotoxicity

A

increase ROS or decrease GSH (not via fenton)

54
Q

how does methylmercury cytotoxicity cause fenton reaction

A

it doesntttttt

55
Q

what is the type of cell death that happens with methylmercury cytotoxicity and why

A

it depends on the level of exposure

56
Q

what are 3 drugs that are used for Hg poisoning

A

DMPS, BAL and penicillamine

57
Q

what is DMPS

A

chelator

58
Q

which type of hg poisoning is DMPS good for

A

inorganic

59
Q

what administration is DMPS

A

oral

60
Q

what can DMPS do (2)

A
  • penetrate into kidney cells to remove it

- remove mercury in some tissues (not brain)

61
Q

can DMPS remove mercury from brain

A

no, but it might decrease neurotoxicity in chronic exposure

62
Q

what is BAL used for (what type of Hg poisoning)

A

inorganic but not organic

63
Q

what can BAL do

A

remove inorganic from kidneys

64
Q

what is bad about BAL

A

injections are painful

65
Q

what is penicillamine used for + how

A

chelator for methylmercury and mercury vapour

66
Q

what happens to blood mercury levels with DMPS

A

decrease

67
Q

what happens to urine mercury levels with DMPS

A

increase initially

PMCOL 303 (25 decks)

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