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PMCOL 303 > Cadmium > Flashcards

Cadmium Flashcards

1
Q

where is most cadmium that is produced go/used for

A

in batteries

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2
Q

besides batteries, what is another source of Cd

A

food because plants actively accumulate it

-shellfish and animal livers

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3
Q

what is something that can double the body burden of cadmium

A

smoking (over a lifetime)

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4
Q

what % is GI absorption of Cd

A

5-10%

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5
Q

how is Cd absorbed in the GI

A

divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) that normally transports Mn Co Zn, Pb and Ni

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6
Q

which people on which diets get increase Cd absorptions

A

people with low iron diet because DMT1 is upregulated

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7
Q

do men or women have more DMT1

A

women

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8
Q

what is the % of absorption through inhalation

A

35%

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9
Q

what size particles are most dangerous for Cd and why

A

smaller particles because it can penetrate to alveoli where it is almost 100% transference into blood

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10
Q

where is Cd primarily deposited

A

in the liver and some in kidneys

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11
Q

is the liver or kidneys more sensitive to effects of Cd

A

the kidneys

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12
Q

what are 5 acute Cd toxicity symptoms

A

painful sphincter spasms, excess salivation, bloody diarrhea, pneumonitis with pulmonary edema

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13
Q

what can happen with inhalation of large Cd doses

A

death

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14
Q

what are 4 body systems that are effected with Cd chronic toxicity

A

kidneys, lungs, bones and heart

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15
Q

what happens to the kidneys with Cd chronic toxicity

A

proximal tubular damage so increased SMW proteins

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16
Q

what happens to the lungs with Cd chronic toxicity

A

obstructive pulmonary disease - fibrosis, emphysema

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17
Q

what happens to the bones with Cd chronic toxicity

A

osteoporosis/ osteomalacia - spontaneous fractions

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18
Q

why do you get osteoporosis/ osteomalacia - spontaneous fractions with Cd chronic toxicity (2)

A

loss of VitD binding protein and renal calcium reabsorption issues

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19
Q

what happens to the heart with Cd chronic toxicity

A

cardiovascular disease, toxic to myocardium

20
Q

what is a main bad thing that can happen with Cd chronic toxicity

A

cancer

21
Q

what is the main mechanism of Cd++ toxicity

A

bidns to sulfhydryl groups of proteins

22
Q

which type of proteins does Cd++ differentially affect

A

mitochondrial proteins

23
Q

what other type of proteins does Cd++ affect (besides the mitochondrial proteins)

A

function of adhesion proteins (esp in tubule cells)

24
Q

what kind of transport does Cd++ affect

A

glucose transport

25
Q

how does Cd++ affect glucose transport

A

downregulation of Na+ dependent glucose transporter expression due to substitution for Zn++ in a transcription factor (Sp1)

26
Q

how does Cd++ cause mitochondrial toxicity

A

depletion of antioxidant thiols causing oxidative stress

27
Q

what happens once Cd++ causes oxidative stress in mitochondria

A

induce MPT, release cyt C, apoptosis

28
Q

how does Cd++ cause carcinogenesis

A

affects enzyme that methylates DNA (DNMT1) may alter transcription of tumor suppressor genes

29
Q

what is metallothionein

A

a protein found in many tissues including kidney, liver, spleen, heart, lung and brain

30
Q

what induces metallothionein expression

A

Cd++ Zn++ Hg++

31
Q

what does metallothionein do

A

binds and sequesters Cd++, Zn++ and Hg++

32
Q

what is the half life of metallothionein bound Cd

A

10-30 years

33
Q

is metallothionein bound Cd toxic

A

no

34
Q

what does Cd++ do at high levels (what does it bind to)

A

GSH

35
Q

what does Cd++ do at low levels (what does it bind to)

A

metallothionein

36
Q

what happens when Cd enters the liver cell

A

it can bind to GSH or MT

37
Q

what happens once the liver cell dies and Cd-MT is in it

A

it can leave as Cd-MT into the urine or it can enter the renal cell

38
Q

what happens when Cd-MT enters the renal cell (4)

A

enters lysosome, MT is broken down into aa, then CD is release, and free Cd can interact with sulfhydryl groups in mitochondria to damage

39
Q

what is the main protocol for cadmium poisoning

A

there is none, mostly supportive care (chelators are ineffective)

40
Q

what does EDTA do to Cd poisoning

A

maybe beneficial in single dose causes, increased nephrotoxicity after repeated Cd exposure

41
Q

what does BAL do to Cd poisoning

A

increases nephrotoxicity, increases uptake by kidneys

42
Q

when is DMSA used for Cd poisoning

A

if cadmium was ingested to help prevent further absorption

43
Q

what is an issue with chelation therapy and Cd

A

it may act to redistribute cadmium to other organs by stripping it away from metalothionein (then its free to cause damage)

44
Q

what may be a thing that helps reduce cadmium and sulfhydryl group interactions

A

conjugation with glutathione

45
Q

what is the mechanism of GSH helping with Cd toxicity

A

Cd normally binds to sulfhydryl groups on proteins leading to denaturation/inactivation, so then now Cd binds to GSH

46
Q

what is something that GSH can be administered to help with Cd

A

give EDTA to prevent escalating toxicity

PMCOL 303 (25 decks)

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