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PMCOL 303 > Arsenic > Flashcards

Arsenic Flashcards

1
Q

what are a few uses for arsenic today

A

pesticides, herbicides, metal production, leukemia drug

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2
Q

where is arsenic found

A

naturally or can contaminate water and fish

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3
Q

what are 2 common forms of arsenic

A

trivalent (arsenite) and pentavalent (arsenate) forms

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4
Q

what happens to arsenate in the body

A

arsenate reductase turns it into arsenite

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5
Q

what happens to arsenite in the body

A

arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) turns it into MMA5+

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6
Q

what happens to MMA5+ in the body

A

arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) turns it into MMA3+

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7
Q

what happens to MMA3+ in the body

A

arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) turns it into DMA5+

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8
Q

what happens to DMA5+ in the body

A

arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) turns it into DMA3+

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9
Q

what happens to DMA3+ in the body

A

arsenite methyltransferase (AS3MT) turns it into TMAO

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10
Q

what is the order of compounds in arsenic breakdown (7)

A 
arsenate
arsenite
MMA5+
MMA3+
DMA5+
DMA3+
TMAO
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11
Q

what is the order of toxicity of these compounds

arsenate
arsenite
MMA5+
MMA3+
DMA5+
A 
MMA3+
 >>
arsenite
>
arsenate
>
MMA5+ = DMA5+
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12
Q

is TMAO toxic

A

no

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13
Q

is MMA5+ or MMA3+ more toxic

A

MMA3+ much more toxic

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14
Q

is arsenite or arsenate more toxic

A

arsenite

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15
Q

how is inorganic arsenic absorbed best + %

A

through GI 80-90%

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16
Q

how is inorganic arsenic absorbed inneficiently + %

A

through skin, but you can still get toxicity

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17
Q

what are 3 ways you can absorb arsenic

A

GI skin and inhalation

18
Q

what type of arsenic is best absorbed via inhalation

A

arsene, trivalent arsenic oxide

19
Q

where does arsenic concentrate

A

hair and fingernails

20
Q

how much arsenic ingestion is fatal

A

70-180mg

21
Q

what are symptoms of acute poisoning of arsenic (6)

A

fever, anorexia, hepatomegaly, cardiac arrhythmia, GI damage, sensory loss

22
Q

what can acute poisoning of arsenic damage

A

mucous membranes of GI tract

23
Q

what happens to sensory system with acute arsenic + how long

A

sensory loss 1-2 weeks after initial exposure but often reversible

24
Q

what is a major target for chronic arsenic exposure

A

skin

25
Q

what happens to skin with chronic arsenic exposure

A

pigmentation changes, hyperkeratosis, alopecia

26
Q

what blood things happen with chronic arsenic exposure

A

bone marrow suppression, anemia

27
Q

what happens to nerves with chronic arsenic exposure

A

symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy (tingling and loss of sensation)

28
Q

what is the classic symptom of chronic arsenic exposure

A

symmetrical sensorimotor polyneuropathy

29
Q

what kind of cancers happen with chronic arsenic exposure

A

skin lung liver GI

30
Q

what is the main mechanism of trivalent As toxicity

A

highly reactive with protein sulfhydryl groups

31
Q

how does trivalent As react highly with protein sulfhydryl groups

A

interferes with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex so then acetylCoA formation is inhibited

32
Q

what happens once trivalent As interferes with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

acetylCoA formation from pyruvate is inhibited

33
Q

what happens once trivalent As interrupts oxidative phosphorylation (2)

A

less ATP is formed so then ROS production

34
Q

what happens with pentavalent forms of As (general)

A

it replaces phosphate

35
Q

what is arsenolysis

A

arsenic ions replace phosphate in high energy compounds, so instead of ATP fomring you get ADP-arsenate

36
Q

what happens with ATP levels in arsenolysis + result

A

they decrease, leading to cell death

37
Q

how many enzymes can arsenic inhibit

A

over 200 diff ones

38
Q

what kind of cell death does arsenic cause

A

induce MPT to cause apoptosis or necrosis

39
Q

how does arsenic cause cancer + which type of arsenic mostly

A

trivalent species, alters DNA methylation and repair, chromosomal abnormalities

40
Q

what do you use for cute arsenic poisoning

A

penicillamine or DMSA to chelate arsenic and promote renal excretion

41
Q

what do you do for chronic arsenic poisoning

A

reduce exposure, maybe DMPS may help symptoms

42
Q

does chelation help symptoms of chronic arsenic exposure

A

no evidence that it will

PMCOL 303 (25 decks)

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