Mentoring 1 Terms Flashcards
Rationale for DA
- Analyze/determine variables in environment that serve as antecedents/consequences for behavior.
- ID target behavior of social significance for an individual
- Natural setting, no risk (just observation)
Operational Definition
Identifies one or more specific observable conditions or events and then tells the researcher specifically how to measure that event.
Establishing Operations
A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event as a reinforcer
Behavioral Contingency
A response that occurs in the presence or absence of some stimulus and is reinforced when it occurs
Informed Consent
When the potential recipient of services/participation in a study gives explicit permission before any assessment or tx is provided. Full disclosure of effects/side effects must be provided. Must: demonstrate capacity, volunteer, have adequate knowledge of all salient aspects of tx
Confidentiality
Describes a situation of trust where any information regarding a person receiving/have received services may not be discussed w/or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization for release of such information
Lawfulness of Behavior
Certain principles of behavior have been proven to work time and time again in both the lab and applied settings (Ex. R+, P+, extinction, stimulus control)
Environmental Explanation
An approach to the study of behavior that assumes the environment shapes the behavior through A-C relationships and principles of behavior.
Methods for DA
Interviews, Checklists, Rating Scales, Standardized Tests, & Direct Observation
Measurable Dimensions
Repeatability (Count/Rate/Frequency/Celeration) Temporal Extend (Duration) Temporal Locus (Response Latency/IRT) Derivative (%/Trials-2-Criterion) Definitional (Topography/Magnitude)
Continuous Measurement
Measurement of all the instances of the response classes of interest are detected during the observation period
Time Sampling
A measurement of the presence or absence of behavior w/in specific time intervals
- Continuous/High Rates of behavior
- Whole/Partial/Momentary/PLAYCHECK
Use of TA
Break a larger more complex behavior into smaller simpler teachable units (Forward Chaining/ Backward Chaining/ Total Task Chaining)
7 Dimensions
Applied, Behavioral, Analytic, Technological, Effective, Generality, Conceptually Systematic
Applied
Used to improve socially significant behaviors
Behavioral
Must be the behavior of concern & measurable
Analytic
Demonstrated a functional relation bw the IV & DV
Technological
Operative procedures are identified & described so precisely that enables replication
Effective
Improved behavior to a practical degree
Generality
Lasts over time, appears in other environments, and/or spreads to other behaviors not directly related to the intervention
Conceptually Systematic
Procedures for changing behavior & any interpretations of how/why those procedures were effective should be described in terms of the relevant principle(s) from which they were derived
Parsimony
Keep it simple!
Rule out simple/logical explanations before considering more complex/abstract ones
Determinism
The universe is a lawful and orderly place- Everything happens for a reason
Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
A natural science approach founded by BF Skinner that enabled clear demonstrations of orderly+reliable functional relations b/w behavior and various env. events in a lab setting
ABA
A science in which the tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to socially significant behaviors and experimentation is used to ID variables responsible for the improvement in behavior
Response
A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior
Response Class
A group of responses of varying topographies all of which produce the same effect on the environment
Stimulus
An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells
Stimulus Class
A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, termporal and/or functional elements
Positive Reinforcement
When a behavior is immediately followed by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions
Negative Reinforcement
The occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future frequency of the behavior
Conditioned Reinforcer
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer bc of prior pairings with 1+ other R+
Unconditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the learner’s history w/the stimulus
Positive Punishment
When a behavior is immediately followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions
Negative Punishment
The termination of an already present stimulus immediately following a behavior that results in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior
Unconditioned Punisher
Stimulus change that can decrease the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it, irrespective of the organisms learning history with that stimulus
Conditioned Punisher
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairings with one or more other punishers
Stimulus Control
A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus
Motivating Operations
An environmental variable that alters (inc/dec) the R+ or P+ effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event & alters (inc/dec) the current frequency of all behavior that has been R+ or P+ by that stimulus, object, or event
Establishing Operations
A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object or even as a reinforcer
Functional Relation
A verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment
*Explains the effects of the IV on the DV
Principles of Behavior
- R+, P+, extinction, stimulus control
- Describes a functional relation bw 1+ of its controlling variables
- Generalizes across organisms, species, settings and behaviors
Behavior Change Tactics
Technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from 1+ principles of behavior; possesses sufficient generality to warrant codification and dissemination
