Mental Self

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

Ability to handle with effectiveness new and novel situation.

Question 2

According to Alfred Binet, Intelligence is?

Answer 2

Combination of mental capacities; ability to perform cognitive tasks such as understanding the definitions of words and ability to follow instructions and directions.

Question 3

Insight

Answer 3

The sudden occurrence of solution to a problem for anyone to gain insight.

Question 4

AHA experience

Answer 4

sort of sigh of relief after solving the problem.

Question 5

Multiple Intelligence according to Howard Gardner

Answer 5

“An intelligence is the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings.”

Question 6

Types of Intelligence (8)

Answer 6

1. Visual-Spatial
2. Linguistic-Verbal
3. Interpersonal
4. Intrapersonal
5. Logical-Mathematical
6. Musical
7. Bodily-Kinesthetic
8. Naturalistic

Question 7

Spiritual Intelligence

Answer 7

Involving deep relationship with God and supernatural being.

Question 8

Thinking

Answer 8

Continuous processing of information coming into the mind from outside environment.

Question 9

Two types of thinker

Answer 9

1. Divergent Thinker; thinks of all possible ways to reach a solution.
2. Convergent Thinker; thinks for a final solution.

Question 10

Brain Storming

Answer 10

has its usefulness in terms of generating possible solutions to a problem.

Question 11

Creative People

Answer 11

Talk with substance and sense, welcomes changes, easily solve problems, have many and varied ideas to choose from and which are appropriate to the situations at hand.

Question 12

Learning

Answer 12

Both process and product; refers to the relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice, experience or training.

Question 13

Three essential elements of learning

Answer 13

a. Learning is a change in behavior, for better or for worse.
b. A change that occurs through practice or experience.
c. The change in behavior must be relatively permanent, that is, it must last for a considerable amount of time.

Question 14

Connectionism according to Edward Lee Thorndike

Answer 14

Claims that all learning is explained by selection and connections or bonds formed between stimuli and responses. Process through which associations take place through trial and error.

Question 15

Connectionism is applied through laws of learning such as?

Answer 15

1. Law of readiness
2. Law of exercise
3. Law of effect

Question 16

Law of Readiness

Answer 16

Learning occurs when the learner is physiologically and psychologically prepared.

Question 17

Law of Exercise

Answer 17

Mastery learning can take place through repetitions and rehearsals. Review is important to easily learn new concepts, principles and rules.

Question 18

Law of Effect

Answer 18

Learning easily takes place if the consequence of a certain response is favorable and satisfying.

Question 19

Classical conditioning according to Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Answer 19

Also known as Respondent Conditioning. A neutral stimulus gradually gains the ability to a elicit a response because of its pairing with the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 20

Operant Conditioning according to Burrhus Frederic Skinner

Answer 20

Puts emphasis on the consequences or outcome of behavior. There is a need for a performance of task before reinforcement is given. Also known as Instrumental Learning because the task becomes an instrument or tool to receive reinforcement.

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

A stimulus that tends to maintain or increase the strength of a response. A form of reward that is given to increase the probability that a certain behavior or response will be repeated.

Question 22

Rules in giving reinforcements

Answer 22

1. Should be given immediately, without delay to avoid reinforcing incorrect responses.
2. Must be contingent upon behavior.

Question 23

Types of Reinforcement according to presentation

Answer 23

1. Positive Reinforcement: a stimulus, which when presented, increases the chance that the response will be repeated.
2. Negative Reinforcement: a stimulus that has to be terminated or withdrawn to increase the likelihood that the response will be repeated.

Question 24

Types of Reinforcement according to hierarchy

Answer 24

1. Primary Reinforcer: a stimulus that is naturally rewarding.
2. Secondary Reinforcer: a stimulus that becomes rewarding because of its association to a primary reinforcer.

Question 25

Operant Condition Concepts

Answer 25

1. Extinction 2. Shaping Behavior 3. Behavior Modification

Question 26

Extinction

Answer 26

unlearning in which the learned response would disappear if not reinforced.

Question 27

Shaping Behavior

Answer 27

involves the gradual or the step-by-step procedure in pursuing a target behavior or the desired response.

Question 28

Behavior Modification

Answer 28

eliciting change in an existing behavior through reinforcements.

Question 29

Observational or Social Learning according to Albert Bandura

Answer 29

Proposed by focuses on how humans learn through observation. A form of learning that develops through watching others- it does not require the observer to perform any observable behavior or receive a reinforcement.

Question 30

Four Processes involved in Observational Learning

Answer 30

1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor Reproduction 4. Motivation

Question 31

Attention

Answer 31

Observer should focus attention to what distinctive features of the model he/she wants to imitate.

Question 32

Retention

Answer 32

Observer should remember the observed behavior of the model.

Question 33

Motor Reproduction

Answer 33

Observer is able to perform the task of imitating the model.

Question 34

Motivation

Answer 34

The result of imitating the model is pleasurable, such pleasant feeling serves.

Question 35

Factors that influence learning

Answer 35

1. Motivation: want to learn, have better job opportunities. 2. Maturation: preparedness to perform tasks appropriate to their level of maturity in terms of age and capacities. 3. Experiences: gives and teaches many lessons in life 4. Environment: a stimulating environment wherein learning materials are available affects learning. 5. Practice: rehearsal, reviews, doing the task repeatedly contribute to learning.

Question 36

Two types of Memory

Answer 36

1. Short-Term Memory: Keeping in one's memory the things happening at the moment (short duration) 2. Long-Term Memory: Items are stored for long duration, through repetitions of thinking about anything, rehearsal or practice.

Question 37

Forgetting

Answer 37

The loss of information previously stored in the long-term memory.

Question 38

Trace Decay Theory

Answer 38

Explains that with the passage of time, and without usage or practice, forgetting occurs. Forgetting is a result of the automatic fading of the memory trace.

Question 39

Interference Theory

Answer 39

Holds that between the point of encoding an item in the memory and the point of recalling.

Question 40

Two types of Interference

Answer 40

1. Retroactive Interference | 2. Proactive Interference

Question 41

Retroactive Interference

Answer 41

New information gets in the way and blocks our recall of the previous ones.

Question 42

Proactive Interference

Answer 42

Old information hinders us from recalling new events and information.

Question 43

Sensation

Answer 43

A process whereby the sense organs receive information from the external and internal environments.

Question 44

Perception

Answer 44

The interpretation of sensation, it is giving of meaning to the information received.

Question 45

Internal Environment

Answer 45

Feelings, state of the mind and other organs and systems of the body.

Question 46

External Environment

Answer 46

Things outside the body.

Question 47

Selective Attention

Answer 47

Certain features which can attract the individual to pay attention to them and then respond correspondingly.