Mental Self Flashcards

1
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to handle with effectiveness new and novel situation.

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2
Q

According to Alfred Binet, Intelligence is?

A

Combination of mental capacities; ability to perform cognitive tasks such as understanding the definitions of words and ability to follow instructions and directions.

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3
Q

Insight

A

The sudden occurrence of solution to a problem for anyone to gain insight.

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4
Q

AHA experience

A

sort of sigh of relief after solving the problem.

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5
Q

Multiple Intelligence according to Howard Gardner

A

“An intelligence is the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings.”

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6
Q

Types of Intelligence (8)

A
  1. Visual-Spatial
  2. Linguistic-Verbal
  3. Interpersonal
  4. Intrapersonal
  5. Logical-Mathematical
  6. Musical
  7. Bodily-Kinesthetic
  8. Naturalistic
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7
Q

Spiritual Intelligence

A

Involving deep relationship with God and supernatural being.

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8
Q

Thinking

A

Continuous processing of information coming into the mind from outside environment.

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9
Q

Two types of thinker

A
  1. Divergent Thinker; thinks of all possible ways to reach a solution.
  2. Convergent Thinker; thinks for a final solution.
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10
Q

Brain Storming

A

has its usefulness in terms of generating possible solutions to a problem.

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11
Q

Creative People

A

Talk with substance and sense, welcomes changes, easily solve problems, have many and varied ideas to choose from and which are appropriate to the situations at hand.

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12
Q

Learning

A

Both process and product; refers to the relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice, experience or training.

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13
Q

Three essential elements of learning

A

a. Learning is a change in behavior, for better or for worse.
b. A change that occurs through practice or experience.
c. The change in behavior must be relatively permanent, that is, it must last for a considerable amount of time.

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14
Q

Connectionism according to Edward Lee Thorndike

A

Claims that all learning is explained by selection and connections or bonds formed between stimuli and responses. Process through which associations take place through trial and error.

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15
Q

Connectionism is applied through laws of learning such as?

A
  1. Law of readiness
  2. Law of exercise
  3. Law of effect
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16
Q

Law of Readiness

A

Learning occurs when the learner is physiologically and psychologically prepared.

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17
Q

Law of Exercise

A

Mastery learning can take place through repetitions and rehearsals. Review is important to easily learn new concepts, principles and rules.

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18
Q

Law of Effect

A

Learning easily takes place if the consequence of a certain response is favorable and satisfying.

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19
Q

Classical conditioning according to Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

A

Also known as Respondent Conditioning. A neutral stimulus gradually gains the ability to a elicit a response because of its pairing with the unconditioned stimulus.

20
Q

Operant Conditioning according to Burrhus Frederic Skinner

A

Puts emphasis on the consequences or outcome of behavior. There is a need for a performance of task before reinforcement is given. Also known as Instrumental Learning because the task becomes an instrument or tool to receive reinforcement.

21
Q

Reinforcement

A

A stimulus that tends to maintain or increase the strength of a response. A form of reward that is given to increase the probability that a certain behavior or response will be repeated.

22
Q

Rules in giving reinforcements

A
  1. Should be given immediately, without delay to avoid reinforcing incorrect responses.
  2. Must be contingent upon behavior.
23
Q

Types of Reinforcement according to presentation

A
  1. Positive Reinforcement: a stimulus, which when presented, increases the chance that the response will be repeated.
  2. Negative Reinforcement: a stimulus that has to be terminated or withdrawn to increase the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
24
Q

Types of Reinforcement according to hierarchy

A
  1. Primary Reinforcer: a stimulus that is naturally rewarding.
  2. Secondary Reinforcer: a stimulus that becomes rewarding because of its association to a primary reinforcer.
25
Q

Operant Condition Concepts

A
  1. Extinction
  2. Shaping Behavior
  3. Behavior Modification
26
Q

Extinction

A

unlearning in which the learned response would disappear if not reinforced.

27
Q

Shaping Behavior

A

involves the gradual or the step-by-step procedure in pursuing a target behavior or the desired response.

28
Q

Behavior Modification

A

eliciting change in an existing behavior through reinforcements.

29
Q

Observational or Social Learning according to Albert Bandura

A

Proposed by focuses on how humans learn through observation. A form of learning that develops through watching others- it does not require the observer to perform any observable behavior or receive a reinforcement.

30
Q

Four Processes involved in Observational Learning

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor Reproduction
  4. Motivation
31
Q

Attention

A

Observer should focus attention to what distinctive features of the model he/she wants to imitate.

32
Q

Retention

A

Observer should remember the observed behavior of the model.

33
Q

Motor Reproduction

A

Observer is able to perform the task of imitating the model.

34
Q

Motivation

A

The result of imitating the model is pleasurable, such pleasant feeling serves.

35
Q

Factors that influence learning

A
  1. Motivation: want to learn, have better job opportunities.
  2. Maturation: preparedness to perform tasks appropriate to their level of maturity in terms of age and capacities.
  3. Experiences: gives and teaches many lessons in life
  4. Environment: a stimulating environment wherein learning materials are available affects learning.
  5. Practice: rehearsal, reviews, doing the task repeatedly contribute to learning.
36
Q

Two types of Memory

A
  1. Short-Term Memory: Keeping in one’s memory the things happening at the moment (short duration)
  2. Long-Term Memory: Items are stored for long duration, through repetitions of thinking about anything, rehearsal or practice.
37
Q

Forgetting

A

The loss of information previously stored in the long-term memory.

38
Q

Trace Decay Theory

A

Explains that with the passage of time, and without usage or practice, forgetting occurs. Forgetting is a result of the automatic fading of the memory trace.

39
Q

Interference Theory

A

Holds that between the point of encoding an item in the memory and the point of recalling.

40
Q

Two types of Interference

A
  1. Retroactive Interference

2. Proactive Interference

41
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New information gets in the way and blocks our recall of the previous ones.

42
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Old information hinders us from recalling new events and information.

43
Q

Sensation

A

A process whereby the sense organs receive information from the external and internal environments.

44
Q

Perception

A

The interpretation of sensation, it is giving of meaning to the information received.

45
Q

Internal Environment

A

Feelings, state of the mind and other organs and systems of the body.

46
Q

External Environment

A

Things outside the body.

47
Q

Selective Attention

A

Certain features which can attract the individual to pay attention to them and then respond correspondingly.