mental health; topic 3 - background

Question 1

What is classical conditioning? (BEHAVIOURIST)

Answer 1

when a person is regularly exposed to a particular stimulus, with an unpleasant event, this may elicit fear

Question 2

what is operant conditioning? (BEHAVIOURIST)

Answer 2

how the consequences of behaviour shapes subsequent behaviour

Question 3

what is an example of operant conditioning?

Answer 3

addictive behaviour - gambling - despite losing, the individual hopes their luck will change (schedule of reinforcement)

Question 4

What is Little Albert’s study about?

Answer 4

• exposed to a white rat, a neutral response was elicited
• exposed again with a hammer making a loud noise against
  a metal bar
• exposed a final time, caused Little Albert to cry

Question 5

What is over generalisation? (COGNITIVE)

Answer 5

viewing unfortunate events as part of a never ending struggle

Question 6

what is filtering? (COGNITIVE)

Answer 6

giving greater focus on the negative aspects whilst ignoring the positive ones

Question 7

what is catastrophisation? (COGNITIVE)

Answer 7

feeling that a situation or outcome will be worse than it actually is

Question 8

what is dichotomus reasoning? (COGNITIVE)

Answer 8

having a black and white view of the world

Question 9

What is the actualising tendency? (HUMANISTIC - CARL ROGERS)

Answer 9

human beings are primarily motivated by the need to achieve the best level of human beingness

Question 10

what is the self concept? (HUMANISTIC)

Answer 10

we hold an image of our current self and our ideal self - if these factors congruent, we will produce a good level of self esteem

Question 11

what is unconditional positive regard? (HUMANISTIC)

Answer 11

receiving affection despite our behaviour - whether it is good or bad - we are inherently good, so if we produce bad behaviour, we haven’t received unconditional positive regard and thus are unable to self actualise

Question 12

What is the basis of cognitive behavioural therapy?

Answer 12

• once a week or fortnight
• between 5-20 sessions
• the rationale is that our thoughts affects our behaviour

Question 13

what does cognitive behavioural therapy aim to do?

Answer 13

• re-establish previous levels of activity
• re-establish a social life
• to challenge patterns of negative thinking
• to learn to spot the signs of recurring depression

Question 14

what is humanistic therapy for depression?

Answer 14

• psychiatrists refers to their patients as ‘clients’ so that there is no hierarchy
• encourage their patients to explore their feelings
• psychiatrists refrain from asking their clients questions