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Reproduction and Sexual Health > Menopause > Flashcards

Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

When is menopause said to have started?

A

The day the woman had her last period

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2
Q

What is the average age of menopause in the UK?

A

51

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3
Q

What age is classified as early menopause?

A

<45 years old

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4
Q

What age is premature menopause classified as?

A

<40 years old

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5
Q

What is defined as late menopause?

A

> 54 years old

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6
Q

How many ova are there at birth?

A

1 million

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7
Q

What do ova exist as?

A

Follicles

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8
Q

What hormones encourage granulosa cells to grow?

A

LH and FSH

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9
Q

Where are LH and FSH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What is the function of LH and FSH?

A

Encourage granulosa cells to grow

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11
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

Oestrogen

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12
Q

What cells secrete oestrogen?

A

Granulosa cells

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13
Q

What is the function of oestrogen during puberty?

A

Develop secondary sexual characteristics

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14
Q

List some secondary sexual characteristics.

A
  • Hair distribution
  • Body shape
  • Fat distribution
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15
Q

What tissue type does oestrogen affect?

A

Collagen

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16
Q

Why does everything become ‘saggy’ after menopause?

A

Because oestrogen affects collagen but women lose oestrogen in menopause

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17
Q

What hormones cause women to release eggs?

A

LH and FSH

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18
Q

What does oestrogen do to the endometrium?

A

Proliferates the endometrium

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19
Q

What 3 things are considered in the diagnosis of menopause?

A
  1. Symptoms
  2. Pattern of periods
  3. Blood tests
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20
Q

In what fashion is LH and FSH released?

A

A PULSATILE fashion

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21
Q

Why is LH and FSH difficult to measure in blood tests?

A

They are released in a pulsatile fashion

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22
Q

** A single raised FSH and LH level does not confirm menopause !! **

A

True

23
Q

When do LH and FSH raise naturally?

A

Prior to ovulation

24
Q

LH and FSH are raised with stopping combined pill or Depoprovera

A

TRUE

25
Q

Why should LF and FSH never ben given to young women?

A

It could induce menopause

26
Q

What medication can raise LH and FSH?

A

SSRI’s

27
Q

Why do LH and FSH raise after menopause?

A

Telling ovaries to release an egg but ovaries aren’t listening as well during menopause so they have to shout louder

28
Q

List some common symptoms of the menopause.

A
  • Hot flushes
  • Night sweats
  • Palpitations
  • Insomnia
  • Joint aches
  • Headaches
29
Q

Hot flushes are a _________ symptom

A

Vasomotor

30
Q

What % of menopausal women get hot flushes?

A

60-80%

31
Q

How long does each hot flush last?

A

3-5 mins

32
Q

How long does the period of hot flushes last?

A

2 years

33
Q

What % of people have hot flushes for 15 years?

A

10%

34
Q

List some psychological symptoms of menopause.

A
  • Mood swings
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Forgetfulness
35
Q

Why (later in menopause) do bladder symptoms occur?

A

Due to loss of bladder support from lack of collagen and oestrogen

36
Q

List some of the bladder symptoms that occur after menopause.

A
  • Frequency
  • Recurrent UTIs
  • Dysuria
  • Incontinence
37
Q

List 2 later symptoms of menopause.

A
  • Dry hair and skin

* Atrophy of breast and genitals

38
Q

List 2 sexual symptoms of menopause. Why do these happen?

A
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Lack of libido

Oestrogen changes collagen, decreased collagen  vaginal dryness and worse sex and more common UTI’s, incontinence etc

39
Q

What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and testosterone

40
Q

What hormone affects libido?

A

Testosterone

41
Q

Name the 3 different categories of perimenopausal dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

A
  • Irregular periods
  • Intra-menstrual bleeding
  • Post menopausal bleeding
42
Q

Oestrogen causes the lining of the womb (endometrium) to ___________

A

Proliferate

43
Q

List some conservative management options of the menopause.

A
  • Diet – vital oestrogens from plants e.g soy is good !!
  • Weight loss
  • Exercise
  • Lifestyle
  • Caffeine
44
Q

List some conservative management options of the menopause.

A
  • Diet – vital oestrogens from plants e.g soy is good !!
  • Weight loss
  • Exercise
  • Lifestyle
  • Caffeine reduction
45
Q

List the different management options of menorrhagia.

A
  • Mefenamic acid – an NSAID which works by reducing blood supply to womb.
  • Tanexamic acid – an anti-fibrinolytic, less clotting

Both above ones reduce bleeding by ½ and you only need to take with your period

  • Progesterones – the reason they’re having bleeding is due to the action of unopposed oestrogen i.e telling womb that you are pregnant, so it doesn’t proliferate lining of womb and less bleeding
  • Intra-uterine system – give progesterone to oppose action of oestrogen.
  • Endometrial ablation – scar the endometrium so it can’t proliferate
  • Hysterectomy
46
Q

HRT can be oestrogen only or oestrogen + progesterone

A

True

47
Q

How can HRT be given?

A

Topical or oral

48
Q

List the benefits of HRT.

A
  • Symptom control
  • Improved quality of life
  • Reduced osteoporotic fractures
  • Reduced bowel cancer
  • Possibly protective against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
49
Q

List the risks of HRT.

A
  • VTE – 2 to 7 extra per 1000
  • CVA
  • Breast cancer – 6 extra per 1000
  • Gallbladder disease
50
Q

An a-2-adrenergic agonist for which there is some evidence for use in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms

A

Clodinine

51
Q

Regelles is a?

A

A vaginal moisturiser

52
Q

Yes is a?

A

Lubricant

53
Q

Sylk is a?

A

Lubricant

Reproduction and Sexual Health (51 decks)

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