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Reproduction and Sexual Health > Care of the Newborn > Flashcards

Care of the Newborn Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘term’ defined as?

A

Anything after 37 weeks gestation

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2
Q

What is post term defined as?

A

Anything after 41 weeks gestation

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3
Q

What is a normal birth weight?

A

2.5 kg-4.0 kg

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4
Q

What weight is large for gestation?

A

> 4 kg

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5
Q

What weight is small for gestation?

A

< 2.5 kg

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6
Q

How much weight is the average weight gain?

A

24 g

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7
Q

How much weight does a baby gain per day in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy?

A

7 g

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8
Q

Transplacental transfer of various substances happens in the 3rd trimester. What substances are transferred?

A
  • Iron
  • Vitamins
  • Calcium
  • Phosphate
  • Antibodies
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9
Q

What baby will have very little/no SC fat?

A

Preterm babies

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10
Q

Delivery at term can be __________ or ________

A
  1. Spontaneous

2. Induced

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11
Q

If a baby is not cephalic position, what is it?

A

Breech

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12
Q

What kind of environment is a baby in during contractions?

A

hypoxic + acidotic

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13
Q

In what type of environment does foetal Hb easily give off O2?

A

Acidotic

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14
Q

When does perinatal adaptation first start?

A

When the baby first cries

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15
Q

When does perinatal adaptation first start?

A

When the baby first breathes and cries

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16
Q

Name the 4 main features of perinatal adaptation.

A
  • Alveolar expansion in the lungs
  • Change from foetal to newborn circulation
  • Decreased pulmonary arterial pressure
  • Increased PaO2
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17
Q

What scoring system measures perinatal adaptation?

A

Apgar

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18
Q

List the 5 categories of Apgar.

A
  • HR
  • Resp rate
  • Responsiveness
  • Tone
  • Colour
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19
Q

** KEEP THE BABY WARM + FEED – this reduces risk of h_____________ and a_______ **

A
  1. Hypoglycaemia

2. Acidosis

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20
Q

Babies with lots of skin to skin are more likely to breastfeed

A

TRUE

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21
Q

What medical condition is there increases rates of in mothers who don’t do skin to skin?

A

Anxiety and depression

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22
Q

What is haemorrhage disease of the newborn?

A

Abnormal clotting and baby can bleed anywhere, be aware of bleeding into lungs

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23
Q

What does EVERY baby get given at birth to prevent haemorrhage disease of the newborn?

A

VITAMIN K !!!!

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24
Q

If a mother has Hep B, give the baby ….

A

Immunoglobulins + vaccine - do this when the baby is born

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25
Q

What 5 things do all babies get screened for?

A
  • Universal hearing screening
  • Hip screening – Developmental Dysplasia of Hip  clinical +/- USS
  • CF
  • Haemoglobinopathies
  • Metabolic diseases
26
Q

If you are testing a child for DDH and they have a risk factor ….

A

Do an USS !!!

27
Q

Who carries out the top to toe examination of the newborn immediately following delivery?

A

Midwifes

28
Q

What is less likely to happen to children if you pick up hearing problems very early in life?

A

Speech problems

29
Q

What 4 features of the HEAD are looked for on newborn exam?

A
  • OFC
  • Overlapping sutures
  • Fontanelles
  • Ventouse/forceps marks
30
Q

What 3 conditions in the HEAD are looked for on newborn exam?

A
  • Moulding
  • Cephalhaematoma
  • Caput succedaneum
31
Q

What 3 conditions in the HEAD are looked for on newborn exam?

A
  • Moulding
  • Cephalhaematoma
  • Caput succedaneum
32
Q

What is Cephalhaematoma bounded by?

A

Aponeurosis - thus it is not seen widespread

33
Q

What 3 conditions in the HEAD are looked for on newborn exam?

A
  • Moulding
  • Cephalhaematoma
  • Caput succedaneum
34
Q

What is Cephalhaematoma bounded by?

A

Aponeurosis - thus it is not seen widespread

35
Q

Describe Caput succedaneum.

A

More generalised swelling of the soft tissues of the head as it is not bounded by aponeurosis/ suture lines

36
Q

What 5 features of the EYES are looked for on newborn exam?

A
  • Size
  • Red reflex.
  • Conjunctival haemorrhage
  • Squints – frequent
  • Iris abnormality
37
Q

Why is it important to look for the red reflex in newborns?

A

We want to make sure that the baby doesn’t have a congenital cataract

38
Q

What 4 features of the EARS are looked at on newborn exam? What should you always ask about?

A
  • Position
  • External auditory canal
  • Any tags/pits
  • Any folding

Family history of hearing loss !!

39
Q

Describe pre-auricular tags.

A

Very common and benign but if you have an abnormal ear you may also have renal abnormalities

40
Q

What 7 features of the MOUTH are looked at on newborn exam?

A
  • Shape
  • Philtrum (gap between nose and upper lip – affected by fetal alcohol syndrome)
  • Tongue tie (not usually a surgical issue, unless it interferes with feeding)
  • Palate
  • Neonatal teeth
  • Ebsteins pearls (occlusion cyst on roof of mouth)
  • Sucking/rooting reflex
41
Q

What commonly happens to babies delivered with forceps?

A

Facial palsy

42
Q

What is important to tell the parents if a baby is born with facial palsy from forceps?

A

It will improve

43
Q

How do you tell what side the facial palsy is on?

A

Can’t close eye, or move corner of mouth on the affected side

44
Q

What 6 features are looked at on RESP exam of the newborn? What are they all non-specific signs of?

A
  • Chest shape
  • Nasal flaring
  • Grunting
  • Tachypnoea
  • In-drawing
  • Breath sounds

RDS

45
Q

What 5 features should be looked at on CVS exam?

A
  • Colour/Saturation (SaO2)
  • Pulses - femoral
  • Apex
  • Thrills/heaves
  • Heart sounds
46
Q

Why is it important to do colour and saturation (SaO2) of a newborn?

A

Congenital heart disease screening + pre/post ductal saturations

47
Q

What pulse should always be identified in a newborn?

A

FEMORAL !!

48
Q

The _______ pulse should be found in EVERY newborn.

A

FEMORAL

49
Q

Outline the 4 main features of Tetralogy of Fallot.

A
  1. Displacement of the aorta - connected to both ventricles
  2. Ventricular septal defect - hole between R and L ventricles
  3. Narrowing of the pulmonary tract
  4. Thickening of wall of right ventricle
50
Q

What 7 features should be looked for on ABDO exam of the newborn?

A
  • Moves with respiration
  • Distension
  • Hernia
  • Umbilicus
  • Bile-stained vomiting
  • Passage of meconium
  • Anus
51
Q

ALWAYS ask if the baby has passed ________

A

MECONIUM

52
Q

What can a delay in the passage of meconium be a sign of?

A

Obstruction

53
Q

What must you check for/exclude during a genitourinary exam?

A
  • Normal passage of urine
  • Normal genitalia
  • Undescended testes – very common
  • Hypospadius
54
Q

What 4 things should be checked on MSK exam?

A
  • Movement and posture
  • Limbs and digits
  • Spine
  • Hip exam
55
Q

What 6 things must be assessed on NEUROLOGICAL exam?

A
  • Alertness, responsiveness
  • Cry
  • Tone
  • Posture
  • Movement
  • Primitive reflexes
56
Q

List the 6 primitive reflexes.

A
  • Suck
  • Rooting
  • Moro/startle - baby extends all limbs, THEN brings them back in
  • ATNR - stretched arm is floppy, other one is stiff
  • Stepping
  • Grasp
57
Q

How long do primitive reflexes usually last?

A

6 months to 1 year

58
Q

Why should you worry about if primitive reflexes persist past 1 year?

A

A neurological problem of the baby

59
Q

What is a port wine stain?

A

A vascular birthmark/ malformation

60
Q

What can a haemangioma look like?

A

A bruise

61
Q

What will happen to a strawberry naevus before disappearing?

A

It will get bigger

Reproduction and Sexual Health (51 decks)

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