Menopause Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of climacterium
A
The time after the cessation of reproductive function
- marked by change in menstrual cycle
- loss of ovarian responsiveness to gonadotrophin stimulation
2
Q
Factors that might influence the time of menopause
A
- smoking
- general health status
- high parity
3
Q
Main steroid product of the postmenopausal ovary
A
Androstenedione
4
Q
Acute symptoms of menopause
A
- hot flushes
- night sweats
- insomnia
- mood changes
- anxiety and irritability
- poor memory and concentration
- loss of self-esteem
- amenorrhoea
5
Q
Intermediate symptoms of menopause
A
- genital tract atrophy
- dyspareunia and loss of libido
- urethral syndrome
- skin thinning
- uterine vaginal prolapse
- urinary incontinence
- joint pain
6
Q
Long tern symptoms of menopause
A
- osteoporosis
- coronary heart disease
- CVAs
7
Q
Indications for HRT
A
- vasomotor and vulvovaginal symptoms
- POF
- early menopause
- treatment of osteopaenia and osteoporosis in younger women
- NOT AS SECONDARY PREVENTION
8
Q
Principles of HRT use
A
- use minimum effective dose
- adjust to achieve maximum benefit
- monitor appropriately
- discuss risk-benefit ratio
9
Q
Types of HRT
A
- estrogens
- progestins
- combinations
10
Q
Contraindications to oestrogen therapy
A
- abnormal undiagnosed vaginal bleeding
- liver disease
- oestrogen-dependent cancer
- otosclerosis
- malignant melanoma
- focal headaches
- gall stones
11
Q
Side effects of oestrogens
A
- heavy bleeding
- fluid retention
- increased appetitie
- nausea
- mastalgia
12
Q
Side effects of progestogens
A
- breast pain
- fluid retention
- bloating
- increased appetite
- irritability and aggresison
13
Q
Treatment for vasomotor symptoms
A
- clonidine
14
Q
Treatment for osteoporosis
A
bisphosphonates and SERMs
15
Q
Top 5 causes of PMB
A
- atrophy
- genital malginancies
- polyps
- endometrial hyperplasia
- iatrogenic (HRT)
