mendelian genetics-miosis exam 2

Question 1

What did mendel want to figure out?

Answer 1

how to predict an offspring created by sexual reproduction

Question 2

what are some facts about asexual reproduction?

Answer 2

most common, produces genetic clone, more efficient, and things like fungi, algae and bacteria use it

Question 3

facts about sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

less efficient, less common, but does not produce genetic clones

Question 4

1978 john maynard smith

Answer 4

“two fold cost of males” asexual reproduction has no males there for they are most efficient.

Question 5

in a perfect world which way of reproduction would produce more offspring?

Answer 5

asexual reproduction

Question 6

purifying selection hypothesis?

Answer 6

sexual reproduction has natural selection thus “purifies” the bad genes so more off spring survive. since asexual reproduction makes clones this doesn’t happened and the “damaged” genes continually move on

Question 7

changing environment hypothesis?

Answer 7

if the environment changes an asexually reproducing individuals parents nor offspring will adapt because they are clones. but in sexual even if the parent doesn’t have the adaptive genes there is a chance he offspring will

Question 8

what did gregor mendel experiment to find?

Answer 8

to determine how traits (characteristics) transmitted from parents to offspring

Question 9

bending inheritance hypothesis?

Answer 9

heredity determinants blend- black sheep x white sheep =gray offspring

Question 10

inheritance of acquired characteristics hypothesis?

Answer 10

lamark’s idea that an individual will adapt to their environment and pass it to their children. -a giraffe will stretch their neck

Question 11

what plant did mendel use and why?

Answer 11

graden peas because they were inexpensive, easy to grow, short reproductive cycle w/ a large number of offspring, easy to manipulate and matings controlled using parents with easily recognizable traits.

Question 12

what was the sperm of the plant?

Answer 12

pollen grains

Question 13

what were the egg of the plant?

Answer 13

ovary structure

Question 14

what is the aren’t generation called?

Answer 14

F1

Question 15

what are the offspring generations called?

Answer 15

F2,F3 etc…

Question 16

in mendels experiment was wrinkled or round the dominant trait in the peas?

Answer 16

round

Question 16

what was the ratio of round to wrinkled seeds in the F2 generation?

Answer 16

3:1

Question 16

what did mendel propose?

Answer 16

particulate inheritance

Question 16

what system did mendel use to describe alleles

Answer 16

the letter system where upper case represented the dominant trait and the lowercase was the recessive

Question 16

heterozygous

Answer 16

two different alleles (Aa)

Question 16

what did walter Sutton and theodor boveri come up with in 1903?

Answer 16

“chromosomal theory of inheritance”

Question 16

X-linked Inheritance

Answer 16

what gene is carried on or linked to X-chrmosome

Question 16

what are outcomes for males for x-linked diseases?

Answer 16

unaffected and affected

Question 16

what are outcomes for females for x-linked diseases?

Answer 16

unaffected and carries

Question 16

linkage

Answer 16

physical association of genes on chromosome (linked genes located on the same chromosome)

Question 16

close in proximity

Answer 16

carried together into gametes (exception= crossing over)

Question 16

recombination

Answer 16

examines frequency of crossing over (greater physical distance-> increased chance of recombination)

Question 16

what did Alfred Sturtevant do in 1913

Answer 16

proposed genetic mapping

Question 16

unit of distance

Answer 16

shortest distance where recombination occurs

Question 16

unit of genetic mapping

Answer 16

CM (centi morgan)

Question 16

cM

Answer 16

frequency of recombination %

Question 16

does 1 cM recombine

Answer 16

no

Question 16

does 50 cM recombine

Answer 16

yes

Question 16

genes assort..

Answer 16

independently

Question 16

genes behave as though they

Answer 16

were on different chromosomes (medelian genetics)

Question 16

multiple allelism

Answer 16

there can be more than two versions of a gene often multiple allele excist

Question 16

what is a trait that has multiple alleles associated with it called

Answer 16

polymorphic trait

Question 16

incomplete dominance

Answer 16

when heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype

Question 16

co-dominance

Answer 16

some heterozygotes exhibit both traits at same time

Question 16

pleiotrophy

Answer 16

mutation in one gene = multiple phenotype changes EX. Marfan's syndrome

Question 16

environmental influence

Answer 16

physical surrounding effect gene expression

Question 16

quantitative traits

Answer 16

one trait influenced by many genes. common.

Question 16

in mendels experiment was there a difference if the genetic determinant was from males or females?

Answer 16

no

Question 16

particulate inheritance

Answer 16

principle of segregation each gamete contains one allele of each trait

Question 16

homozygous

Answer 16

two copies of same allele (AA or aa)

Question 16

punnet square

Answer 16

table of possible crosses

Question 16

who invented punnett squares?

Answer 16

Reginald punnett

Question 16

principle of independent assortment

Answer 16

alleles assort independently into gametes and alleles for various traits also assort independently

Question 49

what are hereditary determinants

Answer 49

chromosomes

Question 50

what are the phases of cell cycle?

Answer 50

G1, S, G2, M

Question 51

what is interphase?

Answer 51

G1, S, G2

Question 52

what is M phase

Answer 52

Meiosis or mitosis

Question 53

what is meiosis?

Answer 53

a form of nuclear division

Question 54

what does meiosis result in?

Answer 54

4 daughter cells with half the genetic material

Question 55

in what kind of organisms does meiosis occur?

Answer 55

sexually reproducing organisms

Question 56

autosomes

Answer 56

contains genetic materials to produce somatic cells

Question 57

sex chromosomes

Answer 57

contain genetic material to produce gametes

Question 58

how many chromosomes does a human have? how many from each parent?

Answer 58

46 and 23

Question 59

when is DNA copied in both mitosis and meiosis

Answer 59

S Phase

Question 60

what is separated in meiosis? mitosis?

Answer 60

homologous pairs and sister chromatids. only sister chromatids

Question 61

how many pairs of sex chromosomes do we have?

Answer 61

1

Question 62

diploid

Answer 62

2n or 2 copies of each type of autosome(full set)

Question 63

haploid number

Answer 63

n or number of types of chromos(half set)

Question 64

how many cell divisions are in meiosis?

Answer 64

2

Question 65

what happens in Meiosis 1?

Answer 65

homologous chromosomes in each pair of replicated chromosomes separate from each other

Question 66

what happens in meiosis 2?

Answer 66

sister chromatids within each chromosome separate

Question 67

what happens in early prophase?

Answer 67

chromosomes condense and spindle appears

Question 68

late prophase 1

Answer 68

each copy of the chromosome swaps material with the other, synapsis

Question 69

synapsis

Answer 69

pairing up process

Question 70

what is the locations where crossing over occurs?

Answer 70

chiasma

Question 71

metaphase 1

Answer 71

chromosomes line up along the invisible metaphase plate in the center of the cell

Question 72

anaphase 1

Answer 72

maternal/ paternal (crossed over versions) are separated and pulled to each end of the cell

Question 73

telophase 1

Answer 73

new nuclear envelopes created (temporarily), chromosomes de-condense (briefly), Spindle disappears (briefly), Cyokinesis.

Question 74

prophase 2

Answer 74

chromosomes condense and spindle re-appears

Question 75

metaphase 2

Answer 75

chromosomes line up along the plate

Question 76

anaphase 2

Answer 76

chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Question 77

telophase 2

Answer 77

2 new nulclei form