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Bio Evolution > mendelian genetics-miosis exam 2 > Flashcards

mendelian genetics-miosis exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did mendel want to figure out?

A

how to predict an offspring created by sexual reproduction

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2
Q

what are some facts about asexual reproduction?

A

most common, produces genetic clone, more efficient, and things like fungi, algae and bacteria use it

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3
Q

facts about sexual reproduction?

A

less efficient, less common, but does not produce genetic clones

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4
Q

1978 john maynard smith

A

“two fold cost of males” asexual reproduction has no males there for they are most efficient.

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5
Q

in a perfect world which way of reproduction would produce more offspring?

A

asexual reproduction

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6
Q

purifying selection hypothesis?

A

sexual reproduction has natural selection thus “purifies” the bad genes so more off spring survive. since asexual reproduction makes clones this doesn’t happened and the “damaged” genes continually move on

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7
Q

changing environment hypothesis?

A

if the environment changes an asexually reproducing individuals parents nor offspring will adapt because they are clones. but in sexual even if the parent doesn’t have the adaptive genes there is a chance he offspring will

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8
Q

what did gregor mendel experiment to find?

A

to determine how traits (characteristics) transmitted from parents to offspring

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9
Q

bending inheritance hypothesis?

A

heredity determinants blend- black sheep x white sheep =gray offspring

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10
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics hypothesis?

A

lamark’s idea that an individual will adapt to their environment and pass it to their children. -a giraffe will stretch their neck

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11
Q

what plant did mendel use and why?

A

graden peas because they were inexpensive, easy to grow, short reproductive cycle w/ a large number of offspring, easy to manipulate and matings controlled using parents with easily recognizable traits.

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12
Q

what was the sperm of the plant?

A

pollen grains

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13
Q

what were the egg of the plant?

A

ovary structure

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14
Q

what is the aren’t generation called?

A

F1

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15
Q

what are the offspring generations called?

A

F2,F3 etc…

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16
Q

in mendels experiment was wrinkled or round the dominant trait in the peas?

A

round

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16
Q

what was the ratio of round to wrinkled seeds in the F2 generation?

A

3:1

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16
Q

what did mendel propose?

A

particulate inheritance

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16
Q

what system did mendel use to describe alleles

A

the letter system where upper case represented the dominant trait and the lowercase was the recessive

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16
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles (Aa)

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16
Q

what did walter Sutton and theodor boveri come up with in 1903?

A

“chromosomal theory of inheritance”

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16
Q

X-linked Inheritance

A

what gene is carried on or linked to X-chrmosome

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16
Q

what are outcomes for males for x-linked diseases?

A

unaffected and affected

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16
Q

what are outcomes for females for x-linked diseases?

A

unaffected and carries

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16
Q

linkage

A

physical association of genes on chromosome (linked genes located on the same chromosome)

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16
Q

close in proximity

A

carried together into gametes (exception= crossing over)

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16
Q

recombination

A

examines frequency of crossing over (greater physical distance-> increased chance of recombination)

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16
Q

what did Alfred Sturtevant do in 1913

A

proposed genetic mapping

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16
Q

unit of distance

A

shortest distance where recombination occurs

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16
Q

unit of genetic mapping

A

CM (centi morgan)

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16
Q

cM

A

frequency of recombination %

16
Q

does 1 cM recombine

A

no

16
Q

does 50 cM recombine

A

yes

16
Q

genes assort..

A

independently

16
Q

genes behave as though they

A

were on different chromosomes (medelian genetics)

16
Q

multiple allelism

A

there can be more than two versions of a gene often multiple allele excist

16
Q

what is a trait that has multiple alleles associated with it called

A

polymorphic trait

16
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype

16
Q

co-dominance

A

some heterozygotes exhibit both traits at same time

16
Q

pleiotrophy

A

mutation in one gene = multiple phenotype changes EX. Marfan’s syndrome

16
Q

environmental influence

A

physical surrounding effect gene expression

16
Q

quantitative traits

A

one trait influenced by many genes. common.

16
Q

in mendels experiment was there a difference if the genetic determinant was from males or females?

A

no

16
Q

particulate inheritance

A

principle of segregation each gamete contains one allele of each trait

16
Q

homozygous

A

two copies of same allele (AA or aa)

16
Q

punnet square

A

table of possible crosses

16
Q

who invented punnett squares?

A

Reginald punnett

16
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

alleles assort independently into gametes and alleles for various traits also assort independently

49
Q

what are hereditary determinants

A

chromosomes

50
Q

what are the phases of cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

51
Q

what is interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

52
Q

what is M phase

A

Meiosis or mitosis

53
Q

what is meiosis?

A

a form of nuclear division

54
Q

what does meiosis result in?

A

4 daughter cells with half the genetic material

55
Q

in what kind of organisms does meiosis occur?

A

sexually reproducing organisms

56
Q

autosomes

A

contains genetic materials to produce somatic cells

57
Q

sex chromosomes

A

contain genetic material to produce gametes

58
Q

how many chromosomes does a human have? how many from each parent?

A

46 and 23

59
Q

when is DNA copied in both mitosis and meiosis

A

S Phase

60
Q

what is separated in meiosis? mitosis?

A

homologous pairs and sister chromatids. only sister chromatids

61
Q

how many pairs of sex chromosomes do we have?

A

1

62
Q

diploid

A

2n or 2 copies of each type of autosome(full set)

63
Q

haploid number

A

n or number of types of chromos(half set)

64
Q

how many cell divisions are in meiosis?

A

2

65
Q

what happens in Meiosis 1?

A

homologous chromosomes in each pair of replicated chromosomes separate from each other

66
Q

what happens in meiosis 2?

A

sister chromatids within each chromosome separate

67
Q

what happens in early prophase?

A

chromosomes condense and spindle appears

68
Q

late prophase 1

A

each copy of the chromosome swaps material with the other, synapsis

69
Q

synapsis

A

pairing up process

70
Q

what is the locations where crossing over occurs?

A

chiasma

71
Q

metaphase 1

A

chromosomes line up along the invisible metaphase plate in the center of the cell

72
Q

anaphase 1

A

maternal/ paternal (crossed over versions) are separated and pulled to each end of the cell

73
Q

telophase 1

A

new nuclear envelopes created (temporarily), chromosomes de-condense (briefly), Spindle disappears (briefly), Cyokinesis.

74
Q

prophase 2

A

chromosomes condense and spindle re-appears

75
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up along the plate

76
Q

anaphase 2

A

chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell

77
Q

telophase 2

A

2 new nulclei form

Bio Evolution (6 decks)

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