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Bio Evolution > final exam- sexual selection and seciation and pop gen > Flashcards

final exam- sexual selection and seciation and pop gen Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does non-random mating consist of?

A

intering breeding and sexual selection

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2
Q

Inbreeding increases?

A

Increases homozygosity

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3
Q

Inbreeding Depression

A

Due to increase homozygosity causes A decline in average fitness

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4
Q

How does increasing homozygosity decrease fitness?

A

Many recessive alleles -> loss of function
Inbreeding -> increases deleterious, lethal alleles
Disease fighting alleles
—Often under natural selection for heterozygous advantage

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5
Q

sexual selection

A

a type of natural selection that favors individuals who have a combination of heritable traits that are most useful in obtaining a mate

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6
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

when the males are physically distinct from females

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7
Q

what are useful traits for males to attract females?

A

physical beauty, physical skills, parenting skills and Physical strength, weaponry

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8
Q

Bateman-Trivers Theory

A

Eggs are expensive and sperm is cheap

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9
Q

how are eggs “expensive”?

A

Females produce relatively few offspring in a lifetime and
A female’s fitness is primarily limited by ability to
gain resources to make more eggs, healthy young
(not ability to find a mate)

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10
Q

How are sperm simple to produce?

A

Males can father virtually unlimited numbers of offspring

Fitness limited by number of females they can mate with; not the ability to require resources to make sperm

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11
Q

Asymmetry of Sex

A

Females invest a lot in each offspring, males don’t

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12
Q

Female Choice

A

Females need to be choosy about their mates

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13
Q

males should be..

A

Males should be willing to mate with any female possible

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14
Q

Male-to-male competition uses?

A

useful trait (physical strength)

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15
Q

Colorful feathers, colorful beaks ~ due to

A

carotenoids

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16
Q

what does Carotenoids do?

A

protect tissues, stimulate immune system

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17
Q

Where do animals get carotenoids?

A

plants

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18
Q

Traits that evolve due to sexual selection should be found primarily in

A

males

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19
Q

speicies

A

An identifiable group;
distinct in appearance, behavior and habitat,
that regularly interbreeds,
and is evolutionarily independent from others

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20
Q

How do species come about?

A

Genetic isolation to Genetic diversion

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21
Q

What is speciation?

A

The creation of two or more distinct species from a single ancestral group

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22
Q

how are new species decided upon?

A

speicies concepts

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23
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Distinct species defined by reproductive isolation

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24
Q

different species- biological concept

A

When two populations do not interbreed

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25
Q

same species by biological concept

A

groups that naturally or potentially interbreed but are reproductively isolated

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26
Q

Disadvantages of biological concept?

A

Not useful with fossils
Not useful with asexual organisms
Not useful with related species that are
geographically isolated

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27
Q

Morphospecies Concept

A

Based upon idea that distinguishing features arise when populations are isolated from gene flow

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28
Q

morphology

A

body form, shape

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29
Q

Advantage of Morphospecies Concept

A
  • applies to sexual and asexual organisms

- applies to extinct species

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30
Q

Disadvantage of Morphospecies Concept

A

“features” are subjective

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31
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Based upon common ancestory

Tree of life – tip of each branch = phylogenetic species

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32
Q

advantages of Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

sexual, asexual organisms

extinct species

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33
Q

disadvantages of Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

limited phylogenies available

recognizes many more species than other two concepts

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34
Q

Tip of each branch

A

phylogenetic species

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35
Q

Clusters at tips

A

populations within a species (subspecies)

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36
Q

Monophyletic group

A

“clade” = lineage

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37
Q

Allopatry

A

“different homeland”

populations become physically separated

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38
Q

Dispersal

A

move to new habitat

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39
Q

Vicariance

A

physical splitting of habitat

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40
Q

Sympatry

A

“together homeland”

populations in same geographic area or close enough to allow interbreeding

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41
Q

Vicariance events result from

A

Continental shift
Development of mountain ranges
Changes in the course of rivers
Movement of glaciers

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42
Q

population fusion

A

Two populations interbreed, lose distinguishing features

Become one large population

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43
Q

Reinforcement

A

Differences between species persist; remain divergent

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44
Q

Mechanisms of Genetic Change

A 
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Mutation
Non-Random Mating / Sexual Selection
45
Q

Prezygotic mechanisms (5) that prevent mating

A 
Temporal         
Habitat
Behavioral
Gametic (= relating to gametes)
Mechanical
46
Q

Postzygotic mechanisms that prevent new species

A

Hybrid viability

Hybrid sterility

47
Q

what is population genetics?

A

The study of changing heritable characteristics of populations over time or the study of changing allele frequencies in populations under the effects of various evolutionary processes

48
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits have a survival advantage and thus a reproductive advantage

49
Q

Genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequency (may increase or decrease fitness); founder effect, bottleneck event

50
Q

Gene flow

A

when individuals move back and forth between 2 populations

51
Q

Sexual Selection

A

a form of non-random mating

52
Q

Mutation

A

permanent change in base sequence of DNA; continuous introduction of new alleles (may increase or decrease fitness)

53
Q

Mechanisms that alter heritable characteristics in populations

A

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, sexual selection and mutation

54
Q

Godfrey Hardy, Wilhelm Weinberg (1908)

A

Fathers of the science of population genetics and

Considered genetics within entire populations, not just one set of parents and their offspring (Mendel, Punnett, Morgan)

55
Q

hypothesis

A

educated idea that can be tested

56
Q

Ho

A

null hypothesis (Ho) is the one that states that there is no significant difference between treatment group and control group

57
Q

Ha

A

alternate hypothesis (Ha) is the one that states that there is a statistically significant difference between the treatment group and the control group

58
Q

G. Hardy, W. Weinberg determined the?

A

mathematical method for comparing the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis using measured/observed allele frequencies to look for evidence of evolution in a population

59
Q

for Ho to be correct

A

gene pool must be stable and unchanging

60
Q

for Ha to be correct

A

) gene pool frequencies are changing due to various processes of evolution (Ha = evolution occurring)

61
Q

for Ho to be true which assumptions must be met?

A 
No natural selection
    All parents survive
    All parents contribute equally to gene pool
No genetic drift
    All alleles contribute exact frequencies (no “chance”     changes)
No gene flow
     No new alleles added or removed
Random mating
      No sexual selection occurring 
No mutation
     No new alleles
62
Q

what is the hardy weinburg equation?

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

when all assumptions are met and Ho is true you use this

63
Q

p

A

frequency of one allele (A1) in gene pool

64
Q

p2

A

= p X p = frequency of homozygous genotype A1A1

65
Q

q

A

= frequency of the other allele in gene pool

66
Q

q2

A

= q X q = frequency of homozygous genotype A2A2

67
Q

2pq =

A

frequency of A1A2 +frequency of A2A1 = all heterozygotes

68
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

Both allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant ~ in equilibrium ~ from one generation to the next unless specific disturbing influences are introduced

69
Q

mechanisms of genetic change?

A

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, sexual selection and mutation

70
Q

what are the natural selection “patterns found in populations?

A

Balancing Selection
Directional Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection

71
Q

Balancing Selection

A

Diversifying, maintains polymorphism
Due to “Heterozygous Advantage” of certain genes
Heterozygotes have higher fitness than homozygotes
Maintains genetic variation in populations
Ex: sickle cell anemia (lab)

72
Q

Directional Selection

A

Shift in the average phenotype ~ in one direction

Selection event favors one extreme / one end of the bell-shaped curve

73
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selection event favors average phenotype
Shift in width of bell-shaped curve
Extreme phenotypes are at a disadvantage

74
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Selection favors the extreme phenotypes
Eliminates average trait
Increases genetic variation
Sometimes leads to speciation

75
Q

what are the braches of genetic change under natural selection?

A

Balancing
Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive

76
Q

Founder Effect

A

When small number of individuals leave a source population and establish new population
Allele frequencies differ from source population

77
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

A sudden reduction in number of alleles in a population

Ex: Natural disasters and population loss

78
Q

females often select the mate in

A

sexual selection

79
Q

• Synaptomorphy

A

a defining trait only found in one clade

80
Q

what useful traits does male to male competition use?

A

o Weaponry
o Strength
o Body size

81
Q

What traits do females look at when choosing a male?

A

o Beauty
o Parenting skill
o Nest
o Resources

82
Q

what are requirments for nat selection?

A

variation in the trait and the trait is heritable and theres compition for survival

83
Q

central dogma

A

dna is transcribe to rna which is translated to protein and protein creates traits

84
Q

homoglies of evolution

A

species, structural, developmental and genetic

85
Q

species homology

A

identifiably group in appearance and habitat and behavior

86
Q

structural homology

A

similar anatomy

87
Q

developmental homology

A

similar embryonic structure

88
Q

genetic homology

A

similar genes

89
Q

gene linkage

A

gene on same chromosome

90
Q

evolution by nat selection

A

change in the allele frequency in a population over time.

91
Q

adaptation

A

the action or process of adapting

92
Q

gene

A

a length of dna that codes for protien

93
Q

genotype

A

an individuals collections of allleles

94
Q

natural selection is the only mechanism that

A

makes an adaptive change

95
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

summarized in a phylogenetic tree

96
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

shows ancestor-descendant relationships

97
Q

three assumptions of hardy weinburg

A

simple traits, random mating, mechanisms of genetic change

98
Q

branch

A

a population through time

99
Q

node

A

when ancestral population split into (2) or more descendants

100
Q

terminal node

A

tip or endpoint of a branch

101
Q

if there is not prezygotic isolation ad interbreeding occurs what are the outcomes?

A

hybridization, renforment of divergence and pop fusion

102
Q

Genealogical relationships among species Based upon shared characteristics:

A

Morphology
Behavior
Development

103
Q

Phenetic Approach

A

– focused on overall similarity; usually in morphology or observable traits; comes from “phenotype”

104
Q

Cladistic Approach

A

focused on shared characteristics, shared ancestory; comes from “clade”

105
Q

homology

A

Similar traits in two groups suggest a common ancestor

106
Q

Homoplasy

A

Sometimes similar traits evolve independently in distantly related groups of organisms caused by “Convergent Evolution”

107
Q

Adaptive Radiations

A

When a single lineage produces many descendants
Descendants live in a variety of habitats
Descendants find food in a variety of ways

108
Q

Adaptive Radiations Produce a pattern in the tree of life called

A

Star Phylogeny

109
Q

What triggers adaptive radiation events?

A

Ecological opportunity-new resorces

Morphological innovation-important new traits can develop

Bio Evolution (6 decks)

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