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A BIO105 - GENETICS > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Difference between character and trait

A

Character - observable or specific inheritable features of an organism
Trait - variations of character influenced by genetic and environmental factors

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2
Q

It is an alternative form of a gene

A

Allele

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3
Q

It contains like gene for any character

A

Homozygous

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4
Q

It contains two kinds of genes for an allelelic pair

A

Heterozygous

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5
Q
  • appearance or assemblage of characters that are expressed
  • may change because of interactions with environment and other genes
A

Phenotype

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6
Q

Phenotype formula

A

P = G + E + (G x E)

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7
Q

It is genetic constitution of an individual; constant

A

Genotype

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8
Q

Trait that is express in the heterozygous

A

Dominant

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9
Q

Hidden in the heterozygous

A

Recessive

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10
Q

Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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11
Q

Gregore Mendel developed the _____ ___ of ____

A

Fundamental Laws of Heredity

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12
Q

What plant did Mendel chose as his subjects?

A

Graden peas (Pisum sativum)

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13
Q

Garden peas are easily ___ and their ____ is easily ______

A
  • grown
  • pollination
  • controlled
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14
Q

He controlled pollination by ____ ____ ____ between plants

A

manually moving pollen

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15
Q

Mendel developed _______ plants by _________

A
  • True-breeding
  • self-pollination
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16
Q

It is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower or at the ovule

A

Self-pollination

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17
Q

It receives pollen

A

Stigma

18
Q

It produces pollen grains, which contain male gametes

A

Anthers

19
Q

It produces female gametes, which contains egg cells

A

Ovules

20
Q

Male and Female parts

A

Anthers and Pistil

21
Q

This happen when one female gamete unites with two male gametes

A

Double Fertilization

22
Q

It is the proccess of applying pollen from one flower to the pistils of another flower

A

Cross-pollination

23
Q

Cross-pollination

A
  1. Remove anthers from one plant
  2. Collect pollen from a different plant
  3. Transfer pollen to stigma of the 1st plant (plant without anthers)
24
Q

It is a kind of crossing strategy, which means to make crosses between a pair of parents (A and B) by using them in turn as female parent and male parent to obtain two reciprocal crosses of A×B and B×A

A

Reciprocal cross

25
Q

Pollen from round-seeded parent to stigma of wrinkled-seeded parent

A

First Half of Reciprocal Cross

26
Q

Pollen from wrinkled-seeded parent to stigma of round-seeded parent

A

Second Half of Reciprocal Cross

27
Q

Why Mendel was Successful

A
  • Unbiased
  • Selected good model organism
  • Used pure breeds as parents
  • Large sample size
  • Quantitative analysis
  • Controlled experiments
  • Studied obvious traits
28
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions

A
  1. Genes do not blend together
  2. Peas have two versions, or alleles, of each gene
  3. Each gamete contains one allele of each gene
  4. Males and females contribute equally to the genotype of their offspring
  5. Some alleles are dominant to others
29
Q

Alleles segregate into separate gametes

A

Law of Segregation

30
Q

Each parent contributes equally to the ____ and the ___ phenotypic ratio means that the F1 contains the ___ alternative forms of the gene (alleles) or is heterozygous

A
  • progeny
  • 3:1
  • two
31
Q

It involves one (mono) character and different (hybrid) traits

A

Monohybrid cross

32
Q

It is a tool for calculating genetic probabilities

A

Punnett Square

33
Q
  • based on dihybrid crosses where two genes are considered simultaneously
  • alleles in different gene pairs separate cleanly from each other and randomly combine during gamete formation
A

Law of Independent Assortment

34
Q

It is made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are analyzed

A

Dihybrid crosses

35
Q

Mendelian Disorders in Humans

A
  1. Ptosis
  2. Progeria
  3. Achondroplasia
  4. Polydactyly
  5. Albinism
36
Q
  • the drooping of the upper eyelid
  • can be congenital or acquired, or it can be neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical, or traumatic in origin
A

Ptosis

37
Q
  • also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome
  • an extremely rare, progressive genetic disorder
  • it causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life
A

Progeria

38
Q
  • a genetic condition affecting a protein in the body called the fibroblast growth factor receptor
  • protein begins to function abnormally, slowing down the growth of bone in the cartilage of the growth plate
A

Achondroplasia

39
Q
  • a condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers
  • a common condition that often runs in families
  • the extra fingers are usually small and abnormally developed
A

Polydactyly

40
Q
  • an inherited condition that leads to someone having very light skin, hair, and eyes
  • it happens because they have less melanin than usual in their body
A

Albinism

A BIO105 - GENETICS (9 decks)

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