Introduction to Genetics Flashcards
Genetics from the Greek work GEN means
- to become
- to grow
Genetics
- branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things
- core of biological science
- impinges on other natural and behavioral sciences
Pre-Mendelian Era (Mga Tao)
- Hippocrates
- Aristotle
- Kolreuter
- Gartner
- Caspar Wolff
- Charles Darwin
He believed that each part of the body produces semen which is passed on to offsprings
Hippocrates (4BC)
Proposed concept of Potentiality (Vital Heat) and Concept of Preformation (17th to 18th Century)
Aristotle (323 BC)
He proposed Epigenesis
Caspar Wolff (1733-1794)
He discovered that hybrids were intermediate between two parents
Kolreuter
He studied segregating F2 populations in peas
Gartner
He proposed the Theory of Pangenesis
Charles Darwin
Mendelian Era (Classical Genetics) 1822-1884 (Mga Tao)
- Mendel
- August Weismann
- Wilhelm Roux
- Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, Erich von Tschermak
- Hetwig, Fol
Mendelian Era (Classical Genetics) 1822-1884 (Mga Tao)
Birth of Genetics
- Cuenot, Bateson, Sanders
- Johansen
- Sutton and Boveri
He laid foundation of genetics through his work on garden peas
Mendel (1866)
Proposed Germaplasm Theory
August Weismann
Discovered that chromosomes are bearers of hereditary traits
Wilhelm Roux (1883)
They duplicated Mendel’s experiments and came up with same results
- Carl Correns (Germany)
- Hugo de Vries (Holland)
- Erich von Tschermak (Seysenneg)
They discovered role of nucleus in fertilization and cell division
- Hertwig (1875)
- Fol (1883)
They applied Mendelian principles to animals
Cuenot, Bateson, Sanders (1902)
He coined ‘genetics, zygote, homozygote, heterozygote and allelomorph (allele)
Bateson (1905)
He coined ‘gene’ from Darwin’s Pangene
Johansen (1909)
Chromosomes Theory of Inheritance
Sutton and Boveri (1903)
Post-Mendelian Era (Mga Tao)
Merging of Genetics and Biochemistry
- Archibald Garrod (1909)
- Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)
- Griffin (1927)
Published ‘Inborn Errors of Metabolism’ paving the way for the merging of Genetics and Biochemistry
Archibald Garrod (1909)
Discovered genes are arranged in linear array; sex linkage Drosophila
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910)
First to study the nature of the genetic material; called it ‘Transforming Principle’
Griffin (1927)
Post-Mendelian Era (Mga Tao)
Molecular Genetics
- McClintock (1931)
- Beadle and Tatum (1941)
- Oswald, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty (1944)
- Hershey and Chase (1952)
- Watson and Crick (1953)
- Tjio and Levan (1956)
- Meselson and Stahl (1958)
- Kornberg (1958)
- Ochoa (1959)
- Jacob and Monod (1961)
- Nirenberg, Ochoa, and Khorana (1966)
They introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
When did Watson and Crick introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA
1953
Two componenets of Chromosomes
- DNA
- Protein
_______ group showed that genes are located on _________
- T.H. Morgan
- chromosomes
The discovery of the genetic role of DNA began with research by ______ _______ in _____
- Frederick Griffith
- 1928
What are the two strains of a bacterium that Griffith worked with?
- Pathogenic
- Harmless
In 1944, they announced that the transforming substance was DNA
- Oswald Avery
- Mclyn McCarty
- Colin McLeod
When and what did Oswald, McCarty, and McLeod announced?
- 1944
- that the tranforming substance was DNA
Only ____ worked in transforming harmless bacteria into ________ bacteria
- DNA
- pathogenic bacteria
Where did further evidences for DNA as the genetic material came from?
- studies of viruses that infects bacteria
A virus that is widely used in molecular genetics research
Bacteriophages (or phages)
They performed experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material of a phage knwon as T2
- Alfred Hershey
- Martha Chase
When did Hershey and Chase performed their experiments?
1952
_____ is the genetic material of a phage known as _____
- DNA
- T2
What did Hershey and Chase designed to determine the source of genetic material in phage?
An experiment showing that only one of the components of T2 (DNA or protein) enters an E. coli cell during infection
It was known that DNA is a polymer of _______, each consisting of a ______ ___, a _____, and a ________ group
- nucleotides
- nitrogenous base
- sugar
- phosphte group
He reported that DNA composition varies from one species to the next
Erwin Chargaff
When and what did Chargaff reported about the DNA?
- 1950
- that DNA composition varies from one species to the next
From Chargaff’s report, what is its impact to DNA as a genetic material?
Made DNA a more credible candidate for the genetic material
It states that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases
Chargaff’s rule
Chargaff’s rules
States that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases
They used a technique called X-ray crystallography to study molecular structure
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
What did Wilkins and Franklin used to study molecular structure?
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography
a technique used to study molecular structure
What base pair resulted in uniform width consistent with X-ray?
pairing purine with a pyramidine
Purine + Purine
Too wide
Pyramidine + Pyramidine
Too narrow
Purine + Pyramidine
Width consistent with X-ray data
What did Watson and Crick noted about the base pairings?
Specific base pairing suggested a possible copying mechanism for genetic material
Whose experiments was supported the semiconservative model?
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
Meselson and Stahl labeled the nucleotides of the ____ ______ with a ____ isotope of nitrogen, while any ____ _______ were labeled with a _____ isotope
- old strand
- heavy
- new nucleotides
- lighter
Why was the copying of DNA remarkable?
because of its speed and accuracy
How many enzymes and other proteins prticipate in DNA replication?
More than a dozen
Application of Genetics
- Plant and Animal Improvement
- Medicine
- Genetic Counseling
- Legal Applications
- Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
- Transgenics
- Legal, Social, Environmental and Health Implications
- Ethical Issues in Biotechnology
Application of Biotechnology
- Pternity Testing
- Forensics
Gene Cloning
- CC (Carbon copy) Dec 22, 2001
- Dolly (the sheep) 1996-2003
- 1st cloned calves (Japan 1998)
- Tissue cultured Wollemi pine form Australia
The Wollemi pine from Australia was dated from _______ period and was thought to be extinct ____ years ago
- Cretaceous period
- 50m years ago
Health Medicine and Biotechnology
- Insulin
- Interferon
- Hepatitis B vaccine
Insulin is for ______
Diabetes
Interferon is for treating _____
Cancer
Environment and Biotechnology
Using _____ ______ to ____ the environment
- living organisms
- clean
Stem Cell Technology
- Treating patient with Leukemia
- Used to heal damage in cornea and improved eyesight
Types of Stem cell Technologies
- Bone-marrow-derived stem cells
- Umbilical cord blood stem cell
- Embryonic stem cell
Cells with no identity
Stem cells
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem cells can ______
assume the identity of other cells (differentiation)
