Men's Health Flashcards
1
Q
check list for next check up
A
- Blood pressure
- high cholesterol
- diabetes
- colorectal cancer
- abdominal aortic aneurysm
- depression
- overweight and obesity
- HIV and syphilis
2
Q
leading causes of death in men of all ages
A
- heart disease
- cancer
- unintentional injuries
- chronic lower respiratory diseases
- stroke
- diabetes
- suicide
- Alzheimer’s disease
- influenza and pneumonia
- chronic liver disease
3
Q
suicide is in the top ___ leading causes of death in me until age __
A
top 3, age 45yr
4
Q
heart disease accounts for ____% of deaths in males of all ages
A
24.2%
5
Q
cancer accounts for ____% of deaths in males of all ages
A
21.9%
6
Q
unintentional injuries account for ____% of deaths in males of all ages
A
7.6%
7
Q
Suicide accounts for ____% of deaths in males of all ages
A
2.6%
8
Q
in 2019 _______ men died from heart disease
A
357,761
9
Q
heart disease accounts for 1 in every _ male deaths
A
4
10
Q
___% of white men live with coronary heart disease
A
7.7%
11
Q
___% of black men live with coronary heart disease
A
7.1%
12
Q
___% of Mexican American men live with coronary heart disease
A
5.9%
13
Q
___ of all cardiac events in men occur before age ___
A
half, 65yrs
14
Q
heart disease can describe diseases affecting the heart including
A
- diseases of blood vessels
- heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
- heart infections
- heart defects (congenital heart defects)
15
Q
the most common type of blood vessel disease in the US is:
A
coronary artery disease
16
Q
coronary artery disease accounts for almost ___ of all deaths due to heart disease
A
half
17
Q
most cardiovascular diseases in the US are _______ disease states
A
atherosclerotic
18
Q
the prevalence of heart disease in men grows _____ with age in comparison to women
A
rapidly
19
Q
atherosclerosis (definition)
A
hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup
20
Q
coronary artery disease (CAD)
A
- America’s #1 killer of men
- plaque (like cholesterol deposits) buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the heart (coronary arteries)
21
Q
most common symptoms of CAD:
A
- chest pain - bc the heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood
- arrhythmia (irregular heart beat)
- heart attack - plaque totally blocks an artery carrying blood to the heart
22
Q
warning signs of myocardial infarction
A
- chest discomfort (may come and go or may sty and last for several minutes, may feel like pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain)
- pain in other areas of the body (one or both arms, neck, jaw, back, or stomach)
- shortness of breath (with or without chest pain)
- cold sweat, nausea, lightheadedness
23
Q
risk factors for heart disease
A
- hypertension
- high cholesterol
- tobacco use
- diabetes
- overweight & obesity
- poor diet
- physical inactivity
- excessive alcohol use
24
Q
health risk factors of heart disease for men over 20+
A
- ~22% of men smoke
- ~ 25.8% of men are overweight
- ~32% of men have hypertension
25
heart disease treatments
- lifestyle changes
- medications
- medical procedures or surgery
26
lifestyle changes in treatment for heart disease
- eating low fat and low sodium diet (excessive caloric intake may be more of an issue than fat intake)
- getting at least 30 mins of moderate intensity activity on most days of the week
- quitting smoking
- limiting alcohol consumption
27
medications in treatment for heart disease
- medications that lower the blood pressure
- blood thinning medications
- cholesterol lowering medications
28
medical procedures or surgery in treatment for heart disease
- clear the blockages in the heart
- ex: coronary angioplasty & coronary bypass surgery
29
coronary angioplasty
placing a catheter in an artery and threading a small balloon and a stent to re-open the artery
30
coronary artery bypass surgery
surgically insert a vein taken from another part of the body to bypass the blocked section of the body (very major surgery)
31
cancer risk factors
- genetic predisposition
- lifestyle choices: smoking, being overweight, & lack of exercise
32
___men smoke than women
more
33
___ men are overweight, but not obese than women
more
34
every year more than ______ men in the US lose their lives to cancer
300,000
35
the three most common cancers among men are:
- prostate cancer (10.1M)
- lung cancer (7M)
- colorectal cancer (4.4M)
36
colorectal cancer in most often found in people aged __
50+
37
colorectal cancer is associated with:
- being overweight
- lack of physical activity
38
______ is the most common cancer in older men
prostate cancer
39
the prostate is part of the:
male reproductive system
40
the prostate is the size of
a walnut
41
the prostate produces
fluid that makes up a part of the semen
42
throughout a man's lifetime his prostate normally ____ in weight by ___ times, compared to its birth weight
increases, 21 times
43
the prostate grows ____, ____ the urethra and ____ urine flow
inwards, narrowing, decreasing
44
the enlargement of the prostate is believed to be due to:
decreasing levels of testosterone
45
weight of prostate over age
- birth: 1.5g
- puberty: 11g
- mid 20s: 18g
- 70s: 31g
46
____ is a blood test to screen for prostate cancer
PSA
47
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- enlargement of the prostate
48
___% of men in their 50s have BPH
20%
49
___% of men in their 60s have BPH
60%
50
___% of men by age 70 have BPH
70%
51
lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)
- frequency
- urgency
- urge incontinence
- nocturia
- hesitancy
- intermitten stream
- dribbling
- weak stream
- urinary retention
- chronic UTI
52
behavioral/lifestyle treatments for LUTS due to BPH
- reduce caffeine
- reduce PM fluids
- timed voiding
- urgency suppression
53
medication treatments for LUTS due to BPH
- alpha blockers (decrease urgency)
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARI) (relax bladder neck)
54
procedure treatments for LUTS due to BPH
- simple prostatectomy
- transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)
- transurethral vaporization of prostate/photo-elective vaporization of prostate
- prostatic urethral lift
55
risk factors for prostate cancer
- age
- family history
- race
56
there is an ____ incidence of prostate cancer in black men
increased
57
red flags of prostate cancer
- pain of burning during urination
- blood in the urine or semen
- persistent pain in the back, hips, or pelvis
- painful ejaculation
58
symptoms of prostate cancer
- *red flags*
- difficulty urinating
- weak or interrupted flow of urine
- frequent urination, especially at night
- difficulty emptying the bladder
59
screening tests for prostate cancer
- digital rectal exam (DRE)
- prostate specific antigen test (PSA)
60
digital rectal exam (DRE)
feel the size of the prostate, lumps, or nodules of prostate cancer
61
prostate specific antigen test (PSA)
- PSA, a protein released by prostate
- the level of PSA in the blood increases during prostate cancer
62
diagnostic tests for prostate cancer
- transrectal ultrasound
- prostate biopsy
63
treatment of prostate cancer
- surgery (prostatectomy)- remove the prostate as well as the surrounding tissues
- radiation therapy - destroy cancer cells or prevent them from growing
- hormone therapy - remove male sex hormone or block them from working which prevents cancer cells from growing
- chemotherapy - use special drugs to shrink or kill the cancer
64
prostate cancer prevention
- no specific way to prevent prostate cancer
- recommendations include: avoid smoking, avoid being overweight, choose a healthy diet, choose regular exercise, practice stress management
65
dietary support for cancer prevention
- increase soy, beans, nuts, seeds, and fiber
- eat lots of veggies and fruits
- eat cooked tomatoes, watermelon, and pink grapefruit (sources of lycopene, a potent antioxidant in the prostate gland)
- eat less meat (i.e. red meat)
- low sugar (sugar increases insulin which increases conversion of testosterone to estrogen)
66
leakage of urine is commonly caused by
- nerve problems
- urinary sphincter problems
67
quality of life issues with urinary incontinence in men
- increased risk of depression, sleep disruption, lost productivity in the workplace, and sexual dysfunction
- more social restrictions than women
68
types of urinary incontinence
- stress
- urge
- overflow
- functional
- mixed
69
stress incontinence
urine leaks when you expect pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting something heavy
70
stress incontinence is most common after
prostatectomy because there is not enough pressure on the urethra to keep it closed
71
urge incontinence
- sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine
- may need to urinate often, including throughout the night
- may be caused by a minor condition such as infection or a more severe condition such as neurological disorders or diabetes
72
overflow incontinence
- frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely
73
functional incontinence
- physical or mental impairment prevents from making it to the toilet in time
- ex: sever arthritis - can't unbotton pants quickly enough
74
mixed incontinence
- one or more urinary incontinence, often stress and urge
75
PT treatment of Men's urinary dysfunctions
- pelvic floor muscle training (kegels)
- behavioral/lifestyle modifications
- neuromuscular re-education or down training
- functional training (proper toileting)
- electrical stimulation
76
menopause
decreasing testosterone levels or a reduction of bioavailability of testosterone with aging (hypogonadism)
77
signs and symptoms of menopause (sexual)
- decreased libido
- decreased erections
- retarded ejaculations
78
signs an symptoms of menopause (physical)
- decreased muscle mass
- increased visceral fat
- decreased bone mass
- decreased body hair
- hot flashes
- tachycardia
- swollen or tender breasts (gynaecomastia)
79
signs an symptoms of menopause (psychological)
- loss of energy
- decreased concentration & memory
- decreased well being
- irritability
- depression
- insomnia and changes in sleep patterns
80
specific symptoms of testosterone deficiency (general effects)
- loss of body hair, reduced shaving
- height loss
- low trauma fracture
- low bone mineral density
- reduced muscle bulk and strength
- hot flushes and sweats
81
specific symptoms of testosterone deficiency (effects on sexual organs)
- incomplete sexual development, eunochoidism, aspermia
- reduced sexual drive and activity
- decreased spontaneous erections
- breast discomfort, gynaecomastia
- very small or shrinking testes (especially <5mL)
- inability to father children, low or zero sperm counts
82
less specific symptoms of testosterone deficiency (psychological and emotional effects)
- decreased energy, motivation, initiative, aggressiveness, self confidence
- feeling sad, blue, depressed, dysthymia
- poor concentration and memory
- sleep disturbance, increased sleepiness
83
less specific symptoms of testosterone deficiency (general effects)
- mild anemia
- increased body fat, BMI
- diminished physical or work performance
84
potential benefits of testosterone treatment
- androgen receptor: reproductive function
- androgen receptor: muscle strength, erythropoiesis, bone strength, energy
- estrogen receptor: bone strength, epiphyseal closure, libido
85
potential risks of testosterone treatment
- androgen receptor: prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia
- androgen receptor: erythrocytosis, sleep apnea
86
tissues affected with testosterone treatment
- androgen receptor: external genitalia, prostate, skin, hair
- androgen receptor: muscle, bone marrow, bone, brain
- estrogen receptor: bone, brain
87
St Louis ADAM questionnaire (androgen deficiency in aging males)
1. decrease in sex drive
2. lack of energy
3. decrease in strength and/or endurance
4. lost height
5. decreased enjoyment of life
6. sad and/or grumpy
7. erections less strong
8. deterioration in sports ability
9. falling asleep after dinner
10. decreased work performance
88
causes of "male menopause"
- pituitary/testes decline
- excessive alcohol consumption
- obesity
- smoking
- hypertension
- medications
- poor diet
- lack of exercise
- poor circulation
- psychological problems - depression
89
modifiable causes of menopause are the _______ as factors that lead to other chronic conditions
same as
90
intervention for male menopause
- hormonal supplements
- lifestyle changes (healthy diet, exercise, stress relief)
91
osteoporosis in men in the US
- poses a threat to >2 million men in the US
92
__% of men over the age __ will have an osteoporosis related fracture in their remaining life time
25%, 50 yrs
93
men have a greater chance of hip fracture related to _______ than developing ___ after the age of 50
osteoporosis, prostate cancer
94
the most common cause of osteoporosis in men is
testosterone deficiency
95
associated factors of osteoporosis in men
- body weight
- exercise
- alcohol
- smoking
- thyroid disease
- rheumatic disease
96
primary osteoporosis
related to age
- aka: senile osteoporosis
97
secondary osteoporosis
related to lifestyle behaviors, diseases, or medications
98
alcoholism as a risk factor for secondary osteoporosis because it
interfers with the body's ability to produce vitamin D
99
caffeine is a risk factor for secondary osteoporosis because
high intake increases renal excretion of calcium
100
immobilization is a risk factor for secondary osteoporosis because
prolonged bed rest results in a lack of weight bearing activity
101
medications as a risk factor for secondary osteoporosis
glucocorticoids, anti-seizure drugs, excessive antiacid use, cancer treatment
102
what is metabolic syndrome
a group of risk factors that raise your risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke
103
__% of the US population has metabolic syndrome
25%
104
the term "metabolic" refers to:
the biomechanical processes involved in the body's normal functioning
105
T/F: researchers are not sure wether metabolic syndrome is due to one single cause, but all of the risk factors for metabolic syndrome are related to obesity
TRUE
106
Abdominal fat cells are ____ and more active than _____ fat
bigger, gluteal
107
gluteal fat
bum fat in women
108
abdominal fat correlates with
visceral fat (around internal organs)
109
abdominal fat is associated with
- heart disease
- diabetes
- high blood pressure
- gallstones
- high cholesterol
110
apple shape is
- worse than pear shape
- due to lifestyle, not genes
111
abdominal obesity
- shown to adversely affect the sensitivity of cells to insulin and reduce the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas
- gradual development of resistance to insulin leads to the development of type 2 diabetes
112
obesity is linked to _____ and ______ cardiovascular risks (precise mechanism is unknown)
hypertension, increased
113
____ men are susceptible to metabolic syndrome
older
114
___ testosterone is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome
low
115
obesity (specifically abdominal obesity) is associated with
hypogonadsism (low testosterone)
116
after adjustment for age, men with hypogonadism have a ___ fold increased risk of insulin resistance and diabetes
2.3
117
metabolic risk factors
- abdominal obesity
- high blood pressure
- high cholesterol
- triglycerides
- fasting blood glucose
118
treatments for metabolic syndrome
- lose weight: 5-10% can reduce insulin levels and BP
- exercise: 30 mins 5-6 d/wk for cardiovascular health
- stop smoking
- eat fiber rich foods like whole grains, beans, fruits, and veggies
119
common musculoskeletal injuries in males
- back injuries (sprains, strains, and herniated disks)
- shoulder injuries (overuse injuries like bursitis and tendonitis and rotator cuff injuries)
- fractures (may fall at work or home doing physical labor)
120
leading causes of unintentional injury death in males
- motor vehicle accidents
- drug poisoning
121
males are ___ times more likely to die from drowning and ____
4 times, alcohol is involved in up to 50% of cases
122
___% of people treated for depression are female, ___% of people who take their own lives are men
75%, 75%
123
depression affect ~_____ American men and ~ ____ American women
6 million, 12 million
124
depression may go undiagnosed in men bc:
- its considered un-manly to discuss feeling associated with depression
- tend to use different coping skills to hide symptoms
125
men are more likely to complete suicide because:
- use methods that are more likely to cause death such as guns
- act more quickly on suicidal thoughts
- shoe few warning signs
126
common symptoms of depression in men
- escapist behaviors such as spending a lot of time at work or in sports
- alcohol or substance abuse
- quick to anger and frustration
- controlling, violent, or abusive behaviors
- risky behaviors such as reckless driving
- infidelity or unhealthy sexual relationships
- loss of concentration
- isolation from family and friends
- avoiding pleasurable activities
127
work related stress in males that may contribute to depression
- lack of control over responsibilities
- unreasonable demands for performance
- conflicts with supervisors or coworkers
- lack of job security
- night shift work
- excessive overtime
- too much time away from home
- wages don't match responsibility
128
common men's pelvic floor disorders
- chronic prostatitis
- scrotal/testicular pain
- neuralgias - pudendal, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral
- anismus
- post prostatectomy incontinence
- urinary urgency/frequency
- urinary hesitancy/weak stream
- constipation
- erectile dysfunction
129
tips for healthy living for men
- eat healthy
- keep a healthy weight
- get moving
- be smoke free
- get routine exams and screens
- get appropriate vaccines
- manage stress
- know yourself and your risks
- be safe and protect yourself
- be good to your self
