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Developmental concepts > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence stage of development (age)

A

11-18 years (~5th-12th grade)

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2
Q

Erik Erikson’s Theory: Adolescence

A

Identity vs Confusion

  • go through puberty: mental/emotional and physical changes
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3
Q

What marks the beginning and end of the adolescent period?

A

star: sexual maturity
end: cessation of growth

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4
Q

Physical and Psychological development in adolescence

A
  • reach physical and sexual maturity
  • self-consciousness and search for identity
  • develop more sophisticated reasoning ability and abstract thinking
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5
Q

Pre - adolescence

A
  • rapid physical growth
  • development of secondary sex characteristics
  • females: 8-10yrs
  • males: 9-11yrs
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6
Q

Puberty

A
  • occurs during pre-adolescence
  • a child’s sexual and physical characteristics mature
  • occurs due to gonadal hormone changes
  • ends with the onset of menses
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7
Q

menses

A
  • females: menarche 12-13yrs
  • males: production of sperm
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8
Q

Major changes in puberty

A
  1. development of primary sex characteristics (sex organs)
  2. development of secondary sex characteristics
  3. rapid physical growth (spurt in height and weight)
  4. changes in body proportions
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9
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

testes and ovaries

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10
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical appearance (hair growth, breast growth, voice changes, facial hair, etc)

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11
Q

Factors affecting timing of puberty

A
  • genetics, stress, socioeconomic status, environmental status, nutrition diet & exercise, amount of fat and body weight, and chronic illness
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12
Q

Puberty in female athletes

A
  • delayed menarche (1st period)
  • menstrual irregularities: 1st ovulatory cycle occurs after menarche, pubertal maturation (establishment of cyclic ovarian function), and establishment of successive ovulatory cycles may not occur for months to years after menarche
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13
Q

Stages with most rapid growth

A
  1. prenatal
  2. puberty
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14
Q

growth spurt order (body segments)

A

feet, legs, trunk

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15
Q

growth spurt averages

A

female height: 2-8 inches
male height: 4-12 inches

female weight: 15-65 lbs
male weight: 15-65 lbs

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16
Q

What % of final height is reached in adolescence? what age does this occur by?

A

females: growth ceases ~16-17yrs old with 98% of final height reached by 17yrs

males: continue to grow to 18-20 yrs with 98% of final height reached by 18

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17
Q

Adolescent BMI

A
  • underweight: <18.5kg/m2 or <5%
  • healthy weight: 18.8-24.9 kg/m2 or 5%-85%
  • overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m2 or 85%-95%
  • obese: >30 kg/m2 or >95%
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18
Q

changes in body proportions during puberty

A
  • face: nose reaches adult size first
  • hands & feet: reach adult size before arms and legs
  • lower extremities become longer than the trunk
  • bones grow faster than muscles leading to motor awkwardness
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19
Q

changes in body proportions later in adolescence

A
  • growth slows down
  • body proportions are similar to adult proportions
  • bone growth stops at ~18 for females and ~21 for males
  • improved coordination b/c cessation of growth allows adolescents to stabilize the organization of different muscular patterns
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20
Q

Skeletal system maturity

A
  • when epiphyseal plates close (begins in childhood)
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21
Q

epiphyseal plate closer

A
  • starts ~ age 2 with fusion cranial bones, vertebral arches of the thoracic spine in the first year of life and fusion of vertebral arches of the lumbar spine by age 6
  • all are closed at age 25
22
Q

precautions of epiphyseal plates

A
  • don’t ultrasound over open plates
  • fracture can cause asymmetrical growth
23
Q

Bone maturity in adolescence

A
  • bone is immature through adolescence
  • more porous w/ thick periosteum
  • unstable physes (growth plates)
24
Q

skeletal system maturity

A

indicated by ossification of bones, seen on x-rays

  • long bones of the wrist and iliac crest (for scoliosis) are used to compare to average
25
Q

muscle system changes in adolescence

A
  • increase in muscle size, strength, and endurance
  • mm increases first, in in muscle strength is directly related to inc in mm
  • adult muscle diameter is reached ~ 12-15 yrs
26
Q

strength changes in adolescence

A
  • linearly increases in adolescence
  • plateaus at ~ 15 for females
  • accelerates b/w 13-20 in males
27
Q

length - tension relationship

A

muscular system lengthens in response to skeletal system growth to establish the appropriate length-tension rln

28
Q

Adolescent Cardiopulmonary system at rest

A
  • pulse: 60-90 bpm
  • respiratory rate: 16-24bpm
  • inc in size of heart
  • inc in blood volume
  • inc in weight and volume of lungs
29
Q

Adolescent Cardiopulmonary system during acute exercise

A

in comparison to adults:
- HR is higher during sub-max and max exercise
- stroke volume is lower
- cardiac output (adjusted for mass) is higher
- BP is lower at rest, the slope of systolic rise is less dramatic with exercise

30
Q

Temperature regulation in adolescence

A
  • greater surface area to body mass ration
  • produce MORE metabolic heat/mass unit during physical activity
  • lower sweating capacity (b/c fewer sweat glands)
31
Q

implications of temp regulation in adolescence

A
  • at higher temps adolescents are at risk for heat related injuries
  • at lower temps, adolescents are at risk for increased heat loss
32
Q

exercise prescription for adolescents

A

F: 3-5x per week
I: 50-85% VO2max, 40-50% if deconditioned, can also use Borg
T: 30-60 mins
T: play, games, sport, recess, etc (FUN)

33
Q

social antagonism

A

need for privacy, resent supervision and directions, struggle for independence, wish to be free from restrictions and parental control

34
Q

search for identity

A

a seperation from the family
- develop their own self-concepts, question/test beliefs and values
- emotion issues related to confusion, depression, and discouragement

35
Q

psych development of young teens (13-14 yrs)

A
  • more self centered (seen from their point of view)
  • value peer’s opinions w stereotypical adolescent preoccupations
36
Q

psych development of middle teens (15-16 yrs)

A
  • compromise
  • more tolerant of other’s views
  • think more independently
  • risk taking behaviors with a focus on the present and denial of the consequence
  • dating usually begins ~15/16
37
Q

psych development of late teens (17-18yrs)

A
  • develop a sense of seriousness
  • ends when they take on adult work roles, marry, or become parents
38
Q

cognitive development ages 11-14

A

increasingly capable of thinking hypothetically, applying formal logic, using abstract concepts
- more relative/less absolute
- more self reflective
- capable of considering an extended time perspective

39
Q

Self esteem in 2nd decade of life (11-20yrs)

A
  • small gains have been documented
  • initial decile in early adolescence (especially girls)
  • low self esteem associated w depression, suicidal behavior, delinquent behavior, and drug use
40
Q

self esteem is affected by personal judgment of:

A
  • physical activeness (especially girls)
  • acceptence by peers
  • academic competence
  • athletic ability and conduct
41
Q

parental and peer support

A
  • associated with adolescent self esteem
  • peer support takes on increasing importance
42
Q

signs and symptoms of depression and suicide

A
  • feelings of sadness, tiredness, withdrawn, thinking hopelessly or negatively
  • marked by: anxiety, eating disorders, ,substance abuse, and hyperactivity
  • causes: familial issues, relationship issues, substance abuse, poor choices
43
Q

Destructive Behaviors

A
  • disordered eating
  • self-injurious behavior
  • substance abuse
44
Q

sexuality

A
  • puberty accompanied in increase in sexual arousal
  • by the end of high school ~48% have had sexual intercourse
  • children w disabilities are at greater risk of sexual abuse
  • condom use is reported at 57%
45
Q

Risk for injury in adolescent athletes

A
  • sport specialization –> neuromuscular control improves with multiple sports
  • rapid growth spurts/changes in body proportion –> decreased coordination
  • inc in training volume
46
Q

RED-S

A

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
- insufficient caloric intake or excessive energy expenditure
- common in adolescent athletes
- formerly know as the female athelte triad

47
Q

implications of RED-S

A
  • decrease in muscular strength and endurance performance
  • chronic fatigue
  • bone loss leading to an increased risk for fracture
  • psychological stress, depression, and anxiety
  • can lead to menstrual disturbance in female athletes
48
Q

ACL injury

A
  • occurs with rapid change in directions or non-contact situations (jump or a quick twisting motion) (soccer, basketball)
  • more common in female athletes
49
Q

ACL pt implications

A
  • can commonly occur w fracture of the growth plate
    (girls close ~13-15 and boys close ~15-17)
  • inc risk of osteoarthritis later in life
50
Q

ACL rehab

A
  • early stages: ROM and mobility
  • gradually progress to strengthening, endurance, and neuromuscular training
  • later stages: return to sport

Developmental concepts (6 decks)

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