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Mé's Cognition Exams > Memory system basics for me > Flashcards

Memory system basics for me Flashcards

1
Q

What is Iconic memory

A

Visual / perceptual / sensory memory (short term)

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2
Q

How can we test Iconic memory?

A

Sterling’s experimental (1960)

Matrix of 9 letters (3X3)

Remember 1 row (3 letters) after a 500ms flash (conscious but quick)

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3
Q

What did they find with Sterling’s experiment (1960) to test length of iconic memory

A

Lifespan of iconic memory looks at +- 250ms

After 1 second, it’s no better than higher order memory systems

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4
Q

What is the limit of visual memory (iconic)

A

250 milliseconds

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5
Q

After 1sec when cuing visual recall we are tapping into

A

short term visual memory (no longer iconic)

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6
Q

Who created the modal model of memory

A

By Atkinson & Shiffrin

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7
Q

What does the modal model of memory by Atkinson & Shiffrin consist of

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short term memory
  3. Long term memory
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8
Q

A buffer by which stimuli is received threw the senses

A

Iconic & echoic memory (Sensory)

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9
Q

How long does iconic memory last

A

Less than a second +- 250 milliseconds

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10
Q

What is shown threw Sperling’s (1960) sensory memory experiment

A

The length of iconic memory +- 250 milliseconds

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11
Q

For the sperling (1960) task recall good?

A

For partial YES (row)

For whole NO (all 9)

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12
Q

Short term memory lasts

A

18sec

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13
Q

Short term memory gets its information from

A

Sensory memory
Long term memory

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14
Q

What is rehearsal

A

The process thew which short term memory is maintained

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15
Q

How many numbers can we hold in short term memory

A

7 +- 2

According to George Miller (1956)

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16
Q

Who did bell contact for advice about phone numbers

A

George Miller (1956) the ideal number is 7 plus or minus 2

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17
Q

Ways to consolidate memories

A
  1. Rehearsal
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18
Q

Ways to increase the capacity of short-term memory

A
  1. Chunking
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19
Q

What is the max capacity of chunking in short term memory

A

4 chunks

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20
Q

Divisions of long term memory

A
  1. Declarative
  2. Non déclarative
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21
Q

Which type of memory does the multimodal model neglect to account for

A

Working memory

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22
Q

What is the central executive

A

One of the 4 parts of working memory

It coordinates the other 3 (Visio-spatial sketch pad / episodic buffer / phonological loop)

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23
Q

Parts of working memory

A
  1. Central executive
  2. Visio-spatial sketch pad
  3. Episodic buffer
  4. Phonological loop
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24
Q

What is the Visuo-spatial sketch pad?

A

Part of working memory (sub system)

For non verbal information

Limited capacity

Interacts with long term memory

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25
Q

What is the episodic buffer

A

Part of working memory (sub system)

To move and organize information to and from working & long term memory

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26
Q

What is the phonological loop

A

Part of working memory (sub system)

Anything auditory language related

Limited capacity temporary

Interacts with long term memory

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27
Q

What are 3 crystallized systems in working memory

A
  1. Visual semantics
  2. Episodic long-term memory
  3. Language
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28
Q

What are the 4 fluid systems in working memory

A
  1. Central executive
  2. Visuo-spatial sketch pad
  3. Episodic buffer
  4. Phonological loop
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29
Q

Can fluid systems (in working memory) be changed by leaning ?

A

Nope

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30
Q

Can crystallized systems (in working memory) be changed by leaning?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What part of memory is the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex especially associated with?

A

Working memory

Central executive (planing)

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32
Q

What are the two parts of long term memory

A
  1. Declarative
  2. Non declarative
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33
Q

What are all the parts of long term memory

A
  1. Declarative
    Episodic / Semantic
  2. Non declarative
    Perceptual / procedural
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34
Q

What is episodic memory

A

Personal experience

Declarative / long term memory

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35
Q

What is semantic memory

A

General knowledge

Declarative memory / long term memory

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36
Q

Can episodic memory serve as a gateway for semantic memory

A

Yes

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37
Q

Are episodic and semantic memory different?

A

Yea

See patient WJ

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38
Q

Was is the Recency bias

A

a tendency to recall experiences from the recent past

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39
Q

What is the primacy bias

A

A tendency to recall experiences from a distant past

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40
Q

Can other parts (than the hippocampus) record semantic long term memories

A

Yes (but limited)

Ex HM could remember last names of famous people from after his surgery

41
Q

How can an old smell trigger a memory

A

Path = Nose /Olfactory sensors / olfactory bulb / cortex / limbic system

Connections survive from neurons epithelium and hypo campus despite old ones dying

42
Q

What are two sub-types of non declarative memory

A

Perceptual representation system (eg priming)

Procedural memory

43
Q

What is the perceptual representation system (priming) PRS

A

It contains very specific (superficial) representations of specific experienced events

Driven by a different process than episodic memory system (deeper)

It is one of the two parts of non-declarative memory

Not sure how it interacts with semantic memory

44
Q

What is the procedural memory system?

A

It is one of the two parts of non-declarative memory

45
Q

Priming

A

The unconscious process through which recognition of a particular item is facilitated by previous exposure to an identical or related item.

46
Q

What is the method of opposition ?

A

A technique that pits conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) tendencies against one another.

47
Q

What is the lexical decision task

A

participant are presented with a letter string and asked to indicate wether or not it constitues a word

If in same semantic category they will guess more accurately

48
Q

What type of memory do children acquire late (compared with other kinds of memory).

A

episodic memory relatively late

49
Q

What age does episodic memory develop?

A

4-6 years

50
Q

The butcher on the bus phenomenon

A

The feeling of knowing a person without being able to remember the circumstances of any
previous meeting or anything else about him
or her.

51
Q

What is spreading activation

A

The idea that activation of the paths that make up a semantic network spreads from the node at which the search begins.

52
Q

semantic memory - spreading activation

A

When you activate a semantic network searching for information

The more active a node is the more easily its information can be retrieved

53
Q

involuntary semantic memory (“mind popping”)

A

A semantic memory that pops into your mind without episodic context

54
Q

Connectionist Model of memory

A

Individual units connected (neural network)

Excite or inhibit connections

Extension of the spreading activation model

55
Q

In what model is this true?

In this memory model, information about individual experiences is derived from the
state of the entire system at a particular time.

The pattern of excitation and inhibition in
the system as a whole determines what you will remember.

A

The connectionist model of memory

56
Q

Is all memory affected by age

A

Nope

57
Q

Which type of memory shows a strong “age effect”

A

Episodic memory

58
Q

Does semantic memory go down with age

A

Not necessarily

59
Q

Getting older vs memory

A

Less episodic memory

Recognizing faces and people

60
Q

Is problem with aging episodic memory related with problems with remembering names and faces?

A

Yes

Naveh-Benjamin (2000) associative deficit hypothesis, older adults have a “deficiency in creating and retrieving links between single units of in­formation”

61
Q

What is the associative deficit hypothesis, by Naveh-Benjamin (2000)

A

older adults have a “deficiency in creating and retrieving links between single units of in­formation”

62
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

A form of amnesia affecting the ability to form
new memories, attributed to thiamine deficiency
and often (though not exclusively) seen in chronic
alcoholics.

63
Q

What is the method of vanishing cues

A

A way of teaching amnesic patients the meaning of computer commands by presenting them with definitions of the commands and fragments of the commands’ names.

Additional letters are presented until the patient guesses the word. Then letters are progressively
removed until the patient is able to give the
name of the command when presented with its definition

64
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

The ability to remember to do something at some future time

65
Q

What is errorless learning?

A

Participants in a learning situation are taught in such a way that they never have the opportunity to make errors.

66
Q

Which is the oldest form of memory (evolution)

A

Procedural

67
Q

Which is the newest form of memory (evolution)

A

Episodic

68
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

no normal moment-to-moment mem­ory function

Inability to form new memories

Similar to momento (movie)

69
Q

How long is iconic (short term visual memory)

A

250 milliseconds

70
Q

What is Echoic memory

A

Auditory version of iconic memory (temporary storage of sound)

Passed on to short term memory

If language passed to weirneke - then rehearsing = Broca’s

71
Q

What is Iconic memory

A

Visual memory

Temporary storage of images

Passed on to the short term memory

72
Q

Span of Echoic (auditory short term memory)

Using Auditory Backward Recognition Masking task

Kallman & Massaro

A

Sound that goes backwards (masking/influencing) previous sound you are supposed to remember after 700ms (what tone did you hear) the interference (masking tone) had different timing

Shows echoic memory lasts 250 milliseconds

73
Q

What is different between echoic and iconic memory

A

How privileged the info is to get into short term memory

Brain biased towards retaining sound information (because it disappears vs Visual information does not disappears).

74
Q

The brain’s bias for sensory information

A

For Echoic memory!

75
Q

How long does short term memory

A

18 seconds

76
Q

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin what is short term memory

A

Same as long term but

Limited capacity & lasts less long (18sec)

77
Q

What did Baddeley & Hitch (1974) bring ?

A

The concept of working memory

78
Q

What is working memory according to Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

A

Complex interactive cognitive mechanism to manipulate and store information

Does not map onto brain areas

79
Q

An issue with the episodic buffer result in

A

Problem such as anterograde episodic amnesia

Difficulty putting new information into our episodic (crystallized = long term memory system)

80
Q

Would a problem with the episodic buffer impact our ability to recall previous information

A

Not normally

81
Q

What is the problem with Baddley & Hitch’s (1974) working memory model?

A

It’s incomplete …

The knowledge of semantics (stuff)

beyond episodic memory knowledge of (when)

Don’t see the procedural kind of memory

82
Q

Is iconic memory bigger than short term memory

A

Yes

83
Q

Not getting sleep = long term memory degrades

A

yes! sleep is good

84
Q

Connectionist model of memory

A

Memory is composed of many connections (groups of neurons) between neurons “pattern of activation”

The Hebb rule: Neurons that fire together wire together

Pattern of reactivity of multiple neurons reinforces that connection

85
Q

Spreading activation

A

Nodes of neurons spread to other nodes (strengthen that node so memory becomes stronger)

Automatic - spreads outward from the origin point (perceptual neuron)

86
Q

For the semantic model, memory is

A

A pattern of connection between connections (pieces of information)

87
Q

What is different between the semantic model and the connectionist model?

A

Semantic network = Activation (excitatory)

In actual memory (connectionist model) we have both “excitatory & inhibitory”

88
Q

What is the difference between tip of the tongue and butcher on the bus phenomenon

A

TOT = Failure of semantic network
BOB = Failure of episodic network

89
Q

Why do failures of semantic and episodic memory become more common with age

A

Traumatic brain injury
(could be smaller problem)

Degradation of neural structures

Things we value more we invest more …

90
Q

what are two main models of memory

A
  1. Trace theory
  2. Schema theory
91
Q

What does the trace theory of memory say

A

Memories are permanent and complete copies of past events, remembering them is like re-experiencing the past (memory recalled same every time)

92
Q

What does schema theory of memory say?

A

Memories are imprecise and fragmented copies of past events remembering is a reconstruction of the past (gaps get filled in with schema based assumptions)

93
Q

What are problems with trace theory

A

Flashbulb memories - fade, just feel more intense, generalize, loose at the same rate as any other memory

Even more likely to loose / degrade because you talk about it more …

Similar to mystic writing pad, info would get mixed up if it was written on top of each other over and over again.

94
Q

What is retroactive inteference

A

Decline of recall after further (subsequent events)

95
Q

What is consolidation required for

A

Memories to become permanent

96
Q

What is re-consolidation

A

Pulling up a memory and re-consolidating it (it gets influenced by current information)

97
Q

Schema have 4 processes:

A
  1. Selection
  2. Abstraction
  3. Interpretation
  4. Integration
98
Q

Evidence for schemas (we adjust)

A

We fill in the gaps / misremember details

Mé's Cognition Exams (8 decks)

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