Chapter 1 (History) Flashcards

1
Q

What did William James consider real?

A

Perception creates reality

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2
Q

What did William James use for methods

A

Introspection

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3
Q

Rejection of subjective introspection gave way to

A

Objective / observable Behaviourism

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4
Q

BF Skinner thought behaviour is

A

Conditioned through reinforcement

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5
Q

Cognitive Psychology started in the

A

1960’s

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6
Q

Who was the father of Cognitive psychology

A

Ulric Neisser

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7
Q

Ulric Neisser compared the mind

A

with a Computer (input - storage - output)

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8
Q

Broadbent’s filter model (1958) was

A

The first theory to explain attention

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9
Q

Parts of Broadbent’s filter model

A

1) Input channels (limited) 2) short term memory stores (also parallel) 3) filters … lower to higher levels of processing …

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10
Q

Why is the Broadbent model wrong?

A

It is too simple (one thing at a time) lacks ecological validity)

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11
Q

Who do we associate with Ecological validity

A

J.J Gibson

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12
Q

JJ Gibson believed that objects and situations hold

A

Affordances (possibilities that we learn they hold)

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13
Q

Neisser’s Perceptual cycle

A

People have expectations (schemas) about what they will find in any given situation, but not all expectations are accurate

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14
Q

What does this represent?

A

Neisser’s perceptual cycle

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15
Q

Harper (1997)

A

Noticed balconies up down … work on …

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16
Q

Necker Cube takeaways

A

Gestalt psychology - your perception of the form shifts depending on which side you see as the most important

17
Q

What is cognitive Ethology

A

Cognitive ethology rejects the notion that the affordances of objects are the same (assuming our schema haven’t changed) regardless of the situation in which we encounter them

18
Q

Cognitive ethology rejects the notion that

A

Affordances of objects are the same regardless of the situation in which we encounter them

19
Q

3 rules to ensure research is more likely to describe real world behaviours

A
  1. Carefully observe naturally occurring behaviour
  2. Move into the lab, gradually simplifying relevant factors
  3. Test if findings from lab can explain real-world
20
Q

The switch to behaviourism brought a switch to

A

Objective observable behaviours

21
Q

Behaviourists want to understand behaviours through

A

Simulus
Response
Reward

22
Q

Who thought of the mind as a wet computer

A

Ulric Neisser

23
Q

Broadbent’s filter model (1958) implies that

A

lower-order input is processed in parallel

There is a filter

There is a limit to the info we can process all the way up to the higher order processing

24
Q

The idea of Affordances come from

A

JJ. Gibson

Related to ecological validity

25
10 years after Gibson's affordances, Neisser came up with
Neisser's perceptual cycle Stating we can update our schemas!
26
Harper (1997) noticed the balconies this is related to
Neisser's perceptual cycle We update our balcony schemas
27
Demonstrating change Gestalt overall impression changes
Necker cube The direction of the depth switches
28
What does Cognitive ethology state and add
Affordances are not static, context matters Our own body is important sometimes more than affordances
29
3 rules of cognitive ethology
1. Carefully observe naturally occurring behaviour 2. Move into the lab, simplify gradually 3. Test if lab findings can explain real world ...