Chapter 1 (History) Flashcards
What did William James consider real?
Perception creates reality
What did William James use for methods
Introspection
Rejection of subjective introspection gave way to
Objective / observable Behaviourism
BF Skinner thought behaviour is
Conditioned through reinforcement
Cognitive Psychology started in the
1960’s
Who was the father of Cognitive psychology
Ulric Neisser
Ulric Neisser compared the mind
with a Computer (input - storage - output)
Broadbent’s filter model (1958) was
The first theory to explain attention
Parts of Broadbent’s filter model
1) Input channels (limited) 2) short term memory stores (also parallel) 3) filters … lower to higher levels of processing …
Why is the Broadbent model wrong?
It is too simple (one thing at a time) lacks ecological validity)
Who do we associate with Ecological validity
J.J Gibson
JJ Gibson believed that objects and situations hold
Affordances (possibilities that we learn they hold)
Neisser’s Perceptual cycle
People have expectations (schemas) about what they will find in any given situation, but not all expectations are accurate
What does this represent?
Neisser’s perceptual cycle
Harper (1997)
Noticed balconies up down … work on …
Necker Cube takeaways
Gestalt psychology - your perception of the form shifts depending on which side you see as the most important
What is cognitive Ethology
Cognitive ethology rejects the notion that the affordances of objects are the same (assuming our schema haven’t changed) regardless of the situation in which we encounter them
Cognitive ethology rejects the notion that
Affordances of objects are the same regardless of the situation in which we encounter them
3 rules to ensure research is more likely to describe real world behaviours
- Carefully observe naturally occurring behaviour
- Move into the lab, gradually simplifying relevant factors
- Test if findings from lab can explain real-world
The switch to behaviourism brought a switch to
Objective observable behaviours
Behaviourists want to understand behaviours through
Simulus
Response
Reward
Who thought of the mind as a wet computer
Ulric Neisser
Broadbent’s filter model (1958) implies that
lower-order input is processed in parallel
There is a filter
There is a limit to the info we can process all the way up to the higher order processing
The idea of Affordances come from
JJ. Gibson
Related to ecological validity
10 years after Gibson’s affordances, Neisser came up with
Neisser’s perceptual cycle
Stating we can update our schemas!
Harper (1997) noticed the balconies this is related to
Neisser’s perceptual cycle
We update our balcony schemas
Demonstrating change Gestalt overall impression changes
Necker cube
The direction of the depth switches
What does Cognitive ethology state and add
Affordances are not static, context matters
Our own body is important sometimes more than affordances
3 rules of cognitive ethology
- Carefully observe naturally occurring behaviour
- Move into the lab, simplify gradually
- Test if lab findings can explain real world …
