Chapter 1 (History)

Question 1

What did William James consider real?

Answer 1

Perception creates reality

Question 2

What did William James use for methods

Answer 2

Introspection

Question 3

Rejection of subjective introspection gave way to

Answer 3

Objective / observable Behaviourism

Question 4

BF Skinner thought behaviour is

Answer 4

Conditioned through reinforcement

Question 5

Cognitive Psychology started in the

Answer 5

1960’s

Question 6

Who was the father of Cognitive psychology

Answer 6

Ulric Neisser

Question 7

Ulric Neisser compared the mind

Answer 7

with a Computer (input - storage - output)

Question 8

Broadbent’s filter model (1958) was

Answer 8

The first theory to explain attention

Question 9

Parts of Broadbent’s filter model

Answer 9

1) Input channels (limited) 2) short term memory stores (also parallel) 3) filters … lower to higher levels of processing …

Question 10

Why is the Broadbent model wrong?

Answer 10

It is too simple (one thing at a time) lacks ecological validity)

Question 11

Who do we associate with Ecological validity

Answer 11

J.J Gibson

Question 12

JJ Gibson believed that objects and situations hold

Answer 12

Affordances (possibilities that we learn they hold)

Question 13

Neisser’s Perceptual cycle

Answer 13

People have expectations (schemas) about what they will find in any given situation, but not all expectations are accurate

Question 14

What does this represent?

Answer 14

Neisser’s perceptual cycle

Question 15

Harper (1997)

Answer 15

Noticed balconies up down … work on …

Question 16

Necker Cube takeaways

Answer 16

Gestalt psychology - your perception of the form shifts depending on which side you see as the most important

Question 17

What is cognitive Ethology

Answer 17

Cognitive ethology rejects the notion that the affordances of objects are the same (assuming our schema haven’t changed) regardless of the situation in which we encounter them

Question 18

Cognitive ethology rejects the notion that

Answer 18

Affordances of objects are the same regardless of the situation in which we encounter them

Question 19

3 rules to ensure research is more likely to describe real world behaviours

Answer 19

1. Carefully observe naturally occurring behaviour
2. Move into the lab, gradually simplifying relevant factors
3. Test if findings from lab can explain real-world

Question 20

The switch to behaviourism brought a switch to

Answer 20

Objective observable behaviours

Question 21

Behaviourists want to understand behaviours through

Answer 21

Simulus
Response
Reward

Question 22

Who thought of the mind as a wet computer

Answer 22

Ulric Neisser

Question 23

Broadbent’s filter model (1958) implies that

Answer 23

lower-order input is processed in parallel

There is a filter

There is a limit to the info we can process all the way up to the higher order processing

Question 24

The idea of Affordances come from

Answer 24

JJ. Gibson

Related to ecological validity

Question 25

10 years after Gibson’s affordances, Neisser came up with

Answer 25

Neisser’s perceptual cycle

Stating we can update our schemas!

Question 26

Harper (1997) noticed the balconies this is related to

Answer 26

Neisser’s perceptual cycle

We update our balcony schemas

Question 27

Demonstrating change Gestalt overall impression changes

Answer 27

Necker cube

The direction of the depth switches

Question 28

What does Cognitive ethology state and add

Answer 28

Affordances are not static, context matters

Our own body is important sometimes more than affordances

Question 29

3 rules of cognitive ethology

Answer 29

1. Carefully observe naturally occurring behaviour
2. Move into the lab, simplify gradually
3. Test if lab findings can explain real world …