Memory Summaries

Question 1

coding, capacity, duration of memory

Answer 1

• Baddeley (coding in STM and LTM)
• jacobs (capacity of STM)
• Miller (capacity of STM)
• peterson and Peterson (duration of STM)
• Bahrick (duration of LTM)

Question 2

multi-store model

Answer 2

• Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
• sensory register (iconic and echoic)
• from SR to STM (attention)
• STM
• STM to LTM (maintenance rehearsal
• LTM (permanent)

Question 3

types of long-term memory

Answer 3

• episodic (events, complex memories)
• semantic (knowledge, not time stamped)
• procedural (actions and skills, unaware of recall)

Question 4

working memory model

Answer 4

• Baddeley and hitch (1974) - STM
• central executive (slave systems, monitors data)
• phonological loop (phonological store, articulatory process)
• visuospatial sketchpad (visual and spatial, Logie, visual cache, inner scribe)
• episodic buffer (2000, temporary store, combine info from other stores, maintains time, link to LTM)

Question 5

explanat6ion for forgetting: interference

Answer 5

• info conflicts
• proactive (old interfere with new)
• retroactive (new interferes with old)
  worse with similar memories
• McGeough and McDonald study with different groups of words

Question 6

explanat6ion for forgetting: retrieval failure

Answer 6

• caused by lack of cues
• encoding specificity principle (Tulving, same cues for coding and retrieval)
• cues with meaning
  cues without meaning
  godden and baddely - context-dependent forgetting with deep sea divers

Question 7

eyewitness testimony: misleading info

Answer 7

• leading questions (response bias, substitution explanation
• Loftus and Palmer, leading questions, smashed or conTACTED
• post event discussion (memory contamination and conformity)
• gabbert, post-event discussion, video of crime from different pints

Question 8

eyewitness testimony: anxiety

Answer 8

• johnson and Scott, anxiety had a negative effect, people in waiting room see an argument)
• Yulie and Cutshall, anxiety has a positive effect, real gun crime, interviewed 4 months later, asked how stressed)
• invented u (Yerkes, curvilinear than linear
• affects memory (Dieffenbacher, optimal point)

Question 9

eyewitness testimony: cognitive interview

Answer 9

• fisher and Geiselman
• psychological understanding
• report everything (triggers)
• reinstate the context (return in the mind)
• reverse the order (prevents expectations and cheating)
• change perspective (prevent influence from schema)
• enhanced cognitive interview (Fisher, additional elements, social dynamics, reducing anxiety, speak slowly, open questions)