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Psychology Paper 1 Memory > Memory Retrieval Questions > Flashcards

Memory Retrieval Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

According to the MSMM what are the 3 memory stores?

A

1-Sensory register
2-STM
3-LTM

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2
Q

In Jacobs’ study into the capacity of memory, what was remembered better digits or letters?

A

digits

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3
Q

In Peterson & Peterson’s study, what % of trigrams were recalled after 18 seconds?

A

10%

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4
Q

In Baddeley’s study on coding, when testing STM, which words did p’s make the most errors on?

A

Acoustically similar words

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5
Q

According to the MSMM what 2 ways can we forget from STM?

A

1-Decay
2-Displacement

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6
Q

How do STM &LTM differ in terms of coding?

A

STM = Acoustically
LTM = Semantically

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7
Q

Why is the MSMM accused of being too simplistic?

A

Assumes that LTM is only one single store

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8
Q

Why was the case of KF supporting evidence for the MSMM?

A

His STM was damaged but his LTM was intact showing that they are two separate stores

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9
Q

What are the two ways to forget from LTM?

A

1-Retrieval Failure
2-Interference

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10
Q

Does the sensory register have a large or limited capacity?

A

Large

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11
Q

What is the duration of the sensory register?

A

Fractions of a second

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12
Q

How does information pass from the sensory register to the STM?

A

Through attention

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13
Q

How does information pass from STM to LTM?

A

Prolonged rehearsal

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14
Q

Which store of the MSMM does not use one type but is modality specific?

A

Sensory register

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15
Q

Who proposed the MSMM?

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin

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16
Q

Who proposed the WMM?

A

Baddeley and Hitch

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17
Q

Which store of the WMM was added later?

A

Episodic Buffer

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18
Q

Why did the WMM criticise the MSMM?

A

It questioned the notion of a single STM store

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19
Q

What are the two branches of the phonological loop?

A

1-Phonological store
2-Articulatory control system

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20
Q

Working Memory focuses on what type of memory?

A

STM

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21
Q

How many slave systems are part of the WMM?

A

3

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22
Q

Name the 3 slave systems?

A

1-Episodic buffer
2-Visuo-spatial sketch pad
3-Phonological loop

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23
Q

What component of the WMM integrates information from the other stores and provides a link to LTM?

A

Episodic buffer

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24
Q

How does the case of KF supports the WMM?

A

He had poor STM for verbal information but had normal STM for visual information

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25
Q

What type of task did Baddeley use to support the existence of the visuo-spatial sketch pad?

A

Dual-task

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26
Q

What is one criticism of the central executive?

A

Lacks research evidence

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27
Q

Which part of the WMM is involved with problem solving and decision making?

A

Central executive

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28
Q

The WMM is the current accepted model of memory to date true or false?

A

True

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29
Q

Which component of the WMM would deal with information regarding the arrangement of objects?

A

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

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30
Q

What is the component in the WMM which stores auditory information?

A

Phonological loop

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31
Q

Dual processing tests show that completing two similar tasks in STM can be performed at the same time true or false?

A

False

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32
Q

What type of LTM is episodic memory?

A

Personal memories

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33
Q

Which type of memories are time stamped?

A

Episodic

34
Q

What type of LTM is involved if you remember that the capital city of France is Paris?

A

Semantic

35
Q

What is meant by procedural memory?

A

Memories for how to do things

36
Q

HM had damaged 2 of his 3 LTM stores. Which one was not damaged by his surgery to relieve his epilepsy?

A

Procedural

37
Q

Which areas of the brain have been revealed by brain scans to be associated with episodic and procedural memories?

A

Episodic = hippocampus
Procedural = cerebellum

38
Q

Which type of LTM does not require you to consciously think about it?

A

Procedural

39
Q

Interference theory and retrieval failure are explanations of forgetting from which memory store?

A

LTM

40
Q

What is meant by retroactive interference?

A

When new learning interferes with old learning

41
Q

What is meant by proactive interference?

A

When old learning interferes with new learning

42
Q

Calling you new boyfriend your old boyfriends name is an example of what?

A

Proactive interference

43
Q

True or false, interference only happens when memories are similar?

A

True

44
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

Forgetting due to an absence of cues

45
Q

When does context dependent forgetting occur?

A

When a person’s environment is different on coding and recall

46
Q

If I have forgotten my old password because I have too many new passwords, this is an example of what?

A

retroactive interference

47
Q

If someone was alert in a classroom when they learnt a model by were not very alert in the exam what would happen?

A

State dependent forgetting

48
Q

Baddeley studied who when investigating context dependent forgetting?

A

Divers

48
Q

What type of experimental design was Loftus & Palmer’s study?

A

Independent groups design

49
Q

What were the verbs used in Loftus & Palmer’s study?

A

-smashed
-hit
-bumped
-collided
-contacted

50
Q

Which verb produced the highest speed estimate and which verb produced the lowest speed estimate in Loftus and Palmer’s study?

A

Highest = Smashed
Lowest = Contacted

51
Q

What was the independent variable in Loftus & Palmer’s research?

A

Verbs used within the question

52
Q

What was the dependent variable in Loftus & Palmer’s research?

A

Estimates of the speed of the vehicles

53
Q

In Loftus & Palmer’s first study how many films of traffic accidents were shown?

A

7

54
Q

How many p’s were used in Loftus & Palmer’s study 1?

A

45

55
Q

Loftus & Palmer used student p’s in their research. Why would this create a problem in this research?

A

Lack population validity

56
Q

In Loftus & Palmer’s study 1, what was the mean speed estimate when the word smashed was used?

A

40.8

57
Q

When the word contacted was used, what was the mean speed in Loftus & Palmer’s study 1?

A

31.8

58
Q

What was the critical question in Loftus & Palmer’s second study?

A

Did you see any broken glass?

59
Q

In Loftus & Palmer’s second study what were the three conditions?

A

-Heard the word smashed
-Heard the word hit
-Not asked about the speed of the vehicles

60
Q

Why could it be argued that Loftus & Palmer’s study lacks ecological validity?

A

As it was a video
In real life people would feel a lot more stress as they wouldn’t be expecting a crash to happen

61
Q

What was Gabbert investigating in her research?

A

The role of post-event discussion

62
Q

How many conditions were there in Gabbert’s research?

A

2

63
Q

What percentage of p’s included events that they did not see in the video but picked up in the discussions?

A

71%

64
Q

What percentage of the control group in Gabbert’s study included events that they did not see in the video?

A

0%

65
Q

Loftus’s research into the role of anxiety consisted of how many conditions?

A

2

66
Q

What did Loftus find in her research into the role of anxiety?

A

Memory was worse when p’s were anxious

67
Q

In Loftus’s study into anxiety, what percentage of p’s were able to identify the individual in condition 1? (when the person emerged holding a pen with grease on their hands)

A

49%

68
Q

In Loftus’s study into anxiety, what percentage of p’s were able to identify the individual in condition 2? (when the person emerges holding a knife covered in blood)

A

33%

69
Q

How were the p’s asked to identify the individual in Loftus’s study?

A

From 50 photographs

70
Q

Loftus’s study can be criticised for not generating the same amount of anxiety in a lab setting that would be shown when witnessing an event in real-life. What kind of validity would be lowered?

A

Ecological validity

71
Q

What did Yullie & Cutshall find in their study into the role of anxiety?

A

Those who reported to be the most distressed at the time of the shooting proved to be the most accurate 5 months later

72
Q

Did the results of Yullie & Cutshall support or reject the findings from Loftus & Palmer?

A

Reject

73
Q

How many components are there in the cognitive interview?

A

4

74
Q

What are the 4 parts that make up the cognitive interview?

A

1-reinstate the context
2-reverse the order
3-report everything
4-change perspective

75
Q

Why might the police prefer the standard police interview?

A

Cognitive interview can be too time consuming + it requires special training

76
Q

What is a problem with the information produced from the cognitive interview?

A

Quantity of both correct and incorrect information increases

77
Q

What is the purpose of the cognitive interview?

A

Helps to retrieve more accurate information

78
Q

Why use the report everything instruction in the cognitive interview?

A

It can help to trigger other memories of the event

79
Q

Why use the reverse the order instruction in the cognitive interview?

A

Prevents reporting expectations instead of actual events

80
Q

What did Milne & Bull (2002) find in relation to the cognitive interview?

A

Some elements are more valuable than others
report everything & contextual reinstatement produced better recall

Psychology Paper 1 Memory (11 decks)

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