Memory Retrieval Questions Flashcards
According to the MSMM what are the 3 memory stores?
1-Sensory register
2-STM
3-LTM
In Jacobs’ study into the capacity of memory, what was remembered better digits or letters?
digits
In Peterson & Peterson’s study, what % of trigrams were recalled after 18 seconds?
10%
In Baddeley’s study on coding, when testing STM, which words did p’s make the most errors on?
Acoustically similar words
According to the MSMM what 2 ways can we forget from STM?
1-Decay
2-Displacement
How do STM <M differ in terms of coding?
STM = Acoustically
LTM = Semantically
Why is the MSMM accused of being too simplistic?
Assumes that LTM is only one single store
Why was the case of KF supporting evidence for the MSMM?
His STM was damaged but his LTM was intact showing that they are two separate stores
What are the two ways to forget from LTM?
1-Retrieval Failure
2-Interference
Does the sensory register have a large or limited capacity?
Large
What is the duration of the sensory register?
Fractions of a second
How does information pass from the sensory register to the STM?
Through attention
How does information pass from STM to LTM?
Prolonged rehearsal
Which store of the MSMM does not use one type but is modality specific?
Sensory register
Who proposed the MSMM?
Atkinson & Shiffrin
Who proposed the WMM?
Baddeley and Hitch
Which store of the WMM was added later?
Episodic Buffer
Why did the WMM criticise the MSMM?
It questioned the notion of a single STM store
What are the two branches of the phonological loop?
1-Phonological store
2-Articulatory control system
Working Memory focuses on what type of memory?
STM
How many slave systems are part of the WMM?
3
Name the 3 slave systems?
1-Episodic buffer
2-Visuo-spatial sketch pad
3-Phonological loop
What component of the WMM integrates information from the other stores and provides a link to LTM?
Episodic buffer
How does the case of KF supports the WMM?
He had poor STM for verbal information but had normal STM for visual information
What type of task did Baddeley use to support the existence of the visuo-spatial sketch pad?
Dual-task
What is one criticism of the central executive?
Lacks research evidence
Which part of the WMM is involved with problem solving and decision making?
Central executive
The WMM is the current accepted model of memory to date true or false?
True
Which component of the WMM would deal with information regarding the arrangement of objects?
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
What is the component in the WMM which stores auditory information?
Phonological loop
Dual processing tests show that completing two similar tasks in STM can be performed at the same time true or false?
False
What type of LTM is episodic memory?
Personal memories
Which type of memories are time stamped?
Episodic
What type of LTM is involved if you remember that the capital city of France is Paris?
Semantic
What is meant by procedural memory?
Memories for how to do things
HM had damaged 2 of his 3 LTM stores. Which one was not damaged by his surgery to relieve his epilepsy?
Procedural
Which areas of the brain have been revealed by brain scans to be associated with episodic and procedural memories?
Episodic = hippocampus
Procedural = cerebellum
Which type of LTM does not require you to consciously think about it?
Procedural
Interference theory and retrieval failure are explanations of forgetting from which memory store?
LTM
What is meant by retroactive interference?
When new learning interferes with old learning
What is meant by proactive interference?
When old learning interferes with new learning
Calling you new boyfriend your old boyfriends name is an example of what?
Proactive interference
True or false, interference only happens when memories are similar?
True
What is retrieval failure?
Forgetting due to an absence of cues
When does context dependent forgetting occur?
When a person’s environment is different on coding and recall
If I have forgotten my old password because I have too many new passwords, this is an example of what?
retroactive interference
If someone was alert in a classroom when they learnt a model by were not very alert in the exam what would happen?
State dependent forgetting
Baddeley studied who when investigating context dependent forgetting?
Divers
What type of experimental design was Loftus & Palmer’s study?
Independent groups design
What were the verbs used in Loftus & Palmer’s study?
-smashed
-hit
-bumped
-collided
-contacted
Which verb produced the highest speed estimate and which verb produced the lowest speed estimate in Loftus and Palmer’s study?
Highest = Smashed
Lowest = Contacted
What was the independent variable in Loftus & Palmer’s research?
Verbs used within the question
What was the dependent variable in Loftus & Palmer’s research?
Estimates of the speed of the vehicles
In Loftus & Palmer’s first study how many films of traffic accidents were shown?
7
How many p’s were used in Loftus & Palmer’s study 1?
45
Loftus & Palmer used student p’s in their research. Why would this create a problem in this research?
Lack population validity
In Loftus & Palmer’s study 1, what was the mean speed estimate when the word smashed was used?
40.8
When the word contacted was used, what was the mean speed in Loftus & Palmer’s study 1?
31.8
What was the critical question in Loftus & Palmer’s second study?
Did you see any broken glass?
In Loftus & Palmer’s second study what were the three conditions?
-Heard the word smashed
-Heard the word hit
-Not asked about the speed of the vehicles
Why could it be argued that Loftus & Palmer’s study lacks ecological validity?
As it was a video
In real life people would feel a lot more stress as they wouldn’t be expecting a crash to happen
What was Gabbert investigating in her research?
The role of post-event discussion
How many conditions were there in Gabbert’s research?
2
What percentage of p’s included events that they did not see in the video but picked up in the discussions?
71%
What percentage of the control group in Gabbert’s study included events that they did not see in the video?
0%
Loftus’s research into the role of anxiety consisted of how many conditions?
2
What did Loftus find in her research into the role of anxiety?
Memory was worse when p’s were anxious
In Loftus’s study into anxiety, what percentage of p’s were able to identify the individual in condition 1? (when the person emerged holding a pen with grease on their hands)
49%
In Loftus’s study into anxiety, what percentage of p’s were able to identify the individual in condition 2? (when the person emerges holding a knife covered in blood)
33%
How were the p’s asked to identify the individual in Loftus’s study?
From 50 photographs
Loftus’s study can be criticised for not generating the same amount of anxiety in a lab setting that would be shown when witnessing an event in real-life. What kind of validity would be lowered?
Ecological validity
What did Yullie & Cutshall find in their study into the role of anxiety?
Those who reported to be the most distressed at the time of the shooting proved to be the most accurate 5 months later
Did the results of Yullie & Cutshall support or reject the findings from Loftus & Palmer?
Reject
How many components are there in the cognitive interview?
4
What are the 4 parts that make up the cognitive interview?
1-reinstate the context
2-reverse the order
3-report everything
4-change perspective
Why might the police prefer the standard police interview?
Cognitive interview can be too time consuming + it requires special training
What is a problem with the information produced from the cognitive interview?
Quantity of both correct and incorrect information increases
What is the purpose of the cognitive interview?
Helps to retrieve more accurate information
Why use the report everything instruction in the cognitive interview?
It can help to trigger other memories of the event
Why use the reverse the order instruction in the cognitive interview?
Prevents reporting expectations instead of actual events
What did Milne & Bull (2002) find in relation to the cognitive interview?
Some elements are more valuable than others
report everything & contextual reinstatement produced better recall
