memory retrieval

Question 1

memory cue

Answer 1

a good memory cue overlaps with the content of an episodic memory

Question 2

Morris: word encoding deep vs shallow

Answer 2

• words were encoding using deep vs shallow study tasks
• tested whether from a list of words, words were old or new > people remembered semantically encoded ones best
• when cued with items that rhymed with words they had studies > people remembered these best

Question 3

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 3

• in order to learn information you need to make the learning environment conditions appropriate for the test

Question 4

contextual reinstatement

Answer 4

reinstating part of a memory can help bring back the rest of the memory

Question 5

free recall

Answer 5

minimal cue given

Question 6

cued recall

Answer 6

given information and have to remember something else

Question 7

memory cues

Answer 7

pictures

words

location

smell

Question 8

content addressable memory

Answer 8

can find things in memory by knowing what is there

Question 9

global matching models

Answer 9

identifies a match between a cue and and all stored memory traces

Question 10

complementary learning systems model

Answer 10

episodic memory is stored in the cortex, a partial cue then triggers pattern complexion by the hippocampus > recollection

Question 11

cueing with context

Answer 11

context is incorporated into a memory

cuing with context will help retrieve that memory (cue matches what was encoded)

e.g. if you know the cue will be a photo of a location, you will encode that location bettwer

encoding and retrieval are interdependent

Question 12

episodic reinstatement

Answer 12

• memory traces are stored with some of the same neural representations that allow us to experience the events
• if a partial cue overlaps with a memory trace - recollection is triggered and this reinstates the rest of the memory trace

fMRI can show this reinstatemtn

Question 13

Smith and Manzano Video clips

Answer 13

scenes cues were more effective when video was studies with fewer words

1 word plus scene = easier to remember than 3 words plus scene

Question 14

fMRI episodic reinstatement

Answer 14

brain activity did reinstate patterns that were present during the real event

Question 15

episodic encoding

Answer 15

• events engage multiple areas of the cortex
• prefrontal cortex strategically organises information
• memories are encoded as a ‘byproduct’ of event processing

hippocampus binds multi-element memory traces

Question 16

episodic retrieval

Answer 16

• retrieval is triggered by a cue
• hippocampus initiates recollection in response to the cue
• some of original cortical activity is reinstated
• prefrontal cortex strategically organises and monitors

Question 17

mental reinstatement

Answer 17

• mentally reinstating context to try and get yourself to trigger memories

Question 18

episodic reinstatement

Answer 18

• different events have unique patterns of brain activity - stored into memory traces
• when a cue triggers pattern completion, reinstatement of these patterns is thought to support recall

Question 19

memory cues can be…

Answer 19

external: e.g. smell, a photo

or internal: deliberate mental reinstatement

Question 20

forgetting is…

Answer 20

… cue dependent, you don’t ‘just forget’ if something reminds you a long a go memory could be reactivated

Question 21

diary studies: Linton

Answer 21

• kept a diary for 6 years
• tested herself on events in diary for recall of details monthly
• items that had be tested for before were more likely to be remembered

Question 22

The testing effect

Answer 22

in order to remember things in the long term > better of testing your memory then restudying material

• VERY STRONG EFFECT WITH A LOT OF EVIDENCE

Question 23

The testing effect: semantic elaboration

Answer 23

• testing over and over again enriches semantic representations of memory
• every time you retrieve the memory you form more and more associations around it

mother – child

later

father – child

Question 24

semantic elaboration, wing et al

Answer 24

hippocampus and temporal ‘semantic’ regions only activated during testing

BUT

this is not cause and effect - weak evidence

Question 25

the testing effect: episodic context

Answer 25

• becuase context is different during different testing phases, context representations are updated

> so memory trace now includes old and new context

LARGER RANGE OF POTENTIAL CUES = MORE THAN ONE CONTEXT

supported by findings that a difficult initial test is better

mother – c
mother – ch

• this is because we have to do more mental reinstatement

Question 26

episodic context

pairs

Answer 26

• stronger brain activation for object pairs they were tested on compared to competitor items

Question 27

video clip memory over 7 days

Answer 27

• generally people forget specific details and remember general gist of videos
• but if they got cues - they remembered the more specific information
• if they were repeatedly tested, they remembered more of the information at the end of 7 days

Question 28

why does the memory not just stay ‘fixed’

Answer 28

• the world is ALWAYS changing and we need to be able to assimilate this into our representations

need FLEXIBILITY

Question 29

amnesia and memory durability

Answer 29

• older memories are more resistant to amnesia
  m ay be dues to:

systems consolidation or multiple memory traces

in either case context-independent memories develop over time