memory failures

Question 1

3 types

Answer 1

schema and gist errors

misattribution errors

misinformation errors

Question 2

Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott memory illusion

Answer 2

• ps study a list of words
• strong tendency to falsely recognise critical lure as being presented

(all words would be related to a certain word but that word would not actually be there = critical lure)

• some people even recall critical lure

Question 3

why? Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott memory illusion

DRM memory illusion

Answer 3

studied words are associated in knowledge base with the ‘critical lure’ so they activated the lure in memory

gist memory

Question 4

gist memory

Answer 4

a stored memory which includes semantically related, unstudied content

false memory

Question 5

DRM memory illusion and amnesia

Answer 5

• reduced false memory, so errors must depend on normal hippocampal function

Question 6

DRM and medial prefontal cortex

Answer 6

damage here reduces false memory - consistent with semantic knowledge schemas’ role in errors

Question 7

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and old age DRM

Answer 7

increase illusion of false memory because intact memories help avoid it

Question 8

gist memory for pictures

Answer 8

• for categorised groups of pictures 20% false memories on recognition test

very likely in those with alzheimer’s old old afe

Question 9

war of the ghosts study

Answer 9

• people recalled unfamiliar stories shorter and distorted - changed and omitted elements
• memory distortion occurs when to be remembered information does not fit our schemas

Question 10

Brewer and Treyens - memory for objects in a graduate office

Answer 10

• rated objects by schema-expectancy
• schema expectancy helped recall of objects
• but more false recognition of high schema items in recognition test

Question 11

true vs false the same

Answer 11

• when scanning peoples brains whilst retrieving true and false items, fMRI brain scans showed no distinguishable activity between true or false recognition

Question 12

true and false differ

Answer 12

fMRI during retrieval again

• more brain activity from true (hippocampus) vs false recollection

Question 13

true and false meta-analysis

Answer 13

• still uncertain
• false on own - pre frontal activated, monitoring and checking when unsure? and semantic processing part of brain
• but not all activations different from true

Question 14

memory bias and stereotypes

Answer 14

• can remember things wrong based on our preconceptions

e.g. if see a photo of man doing laundary may still remember woman

Question 15

creating bias

Answer 15

• trained people to interpret neutral written passages negatively or positively
• then given ambiguous scenarios to remember
• recall of details of scenarios was then biased towards trained direction

Question 16

fake news and bias

Answer 16

• abortion campaign
• shown headlines and images relating to stories relating to yes and no campaigns
• for fake stories 48% either i remember seeing this or i remember this happening
• people were also more likely to remember fake news consistent with their views

Question 17

reality or source monitoring

Answer 17

• when and where?
• the source of a memory ?
• imagined vs real experience ?
• source monitoring is the ability to specify contextual information surrounding memory traces
• and evaluate what is remembered

Question 18

content borrowing

Answer 18

• how false memories can have vivid perceptual details
• swap details between real memories and false memories
• inc physical features of similiar objects

Question 19

cryptomnesia

Answer 19

• unconscious plagiarism is a reality monitoring error

e.g. did you tell your idea to someone or did they tell it to you

Question 20

imagination inflation

Answer 20

• not answered a message because you’ve imagined you have

Question 21

in field complex errors

Answer 21

psychologists vs student read case studies with vs without prior knowledge

experts recalled more detail and FALSELY recalled more details that had not been present

> particularly when schema and reality conflicted

Question 22

cognitive interview

Answer 22

1. reinstate the context
2. recall events in reverse order
3. report everything
4. describe events from someone else’s perspective

stage 2 = reduces schema usage (Expectations)

stage 3 maximises memory monitoring

Question 23

misinformation effect

Answer 23

Loftus and palmer

the way in which the person is asked questions changes their memory

what speed was the car going when the car BUMPED VS SMASHED into the wall

almost impossible to distinguish

Question 24

retrieval-enhanced suggestibility

Answer 24

misinformation effect is increased by repeated testing, and reduced by long initial delay