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cognitive 2 > memory: processes and systems > Flashcards

memory: processes and systems Flashcards

1
Q

faculty by which info is encoded, stored and retrieved when needed =

A

memory

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2
Q

what are the 3 primary processes of memory?

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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3
Q

the process of inputting info into memory and either enters the memory system or slips away =

A

encoding

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4
Q

encoding can be an ____ process

A

active

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5
Q

what is needed for info to be encoded?

A

attention to the information

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6
Q

the process of storing info into memory so it is either preserved for recollection in future of forgotten =

A

storage

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7
Q

the process of outputting info from memory and can be intentional or unintentional =

A

retrieval

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8
Q

talk about the case study of clive wearing and how he demonstrated that not all memories are the same

A

musician/conductor who lost the ability to form new memories as his hippocampus and brain tissue was damaged. lost ability to know what what happening for more than 1 min at a time. lost episodic memories but retained his procedural memories (musical abilities)

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9
Q

what 2 features are used to categorise memories?

A

time and content

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10
Q

describe the modal model of memory for time

A

input > sensory memory > STM > LTM

LTM > STM

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11
Q

modality specific storage of input from the senses =

A

sensory memory

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12
Q

iconic memory =

A

visual impressions

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13
Q

echoic memory =

A

auditory impressions

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14
Q

why is sensory memory difficult to measure in ppts?

A

it has a very brief duration so in studies ppts typically don’t have time to report their sensory memory retrieval before it has disappeared

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15
Q

attention to info moves from sensory to STM =

A

short term memory

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16
Q

give some features of STM

A

intermediate memory storage. short duration (30-60ms), held in STM for as long as attention lasts, active rehearsal helps, info lost gradually

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17
Q

what is the capacity of the STM?

A

5-9 info elements

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18
Q

what factors influence the capacity of the STM?

A

type of info, attentional limits

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19
Q

system that controls the processing and activation of the info held in the STM =

A

working memory

boosted by active rehearsal and chunking

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20
Q

retroactive interference =

A

when new info interferes with the storage or retrieval of old info

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21
Q

proactive interference =

A

when old info interferes with the storage or retrieval of new info

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22
Q

LTM =

A

info can be transferred from STM > LTM and retrieved from LTM > STM

23
Q

what someone can retrieve from LTM at a given time is _______

A

limited

24
Q

LTM has unlimited ______ and _______

A

duration and capacity

25
Q

what is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memories?

A

declarative = explicit, memories you are aware of and can express.

non-declarative = implicit, memories difficult to bring into awareness and express

26
Q

what are the 2 different types of declarative memories?

A

episodic and semantic

27
Q

what are the 2 different types of non-declarative memories?

A

procedural and other (conditioning/priming)

28
Q

episodes of your life you remember, includes contextual info (where/when they occurred) =

A

episodic memory

29
Q

some episodic memories are _________

A

autobiographical (allow mental time travel along timeline to particular episode)

30
Q

general word facts but don’t have contextual info, contribute to other cognitive abilities =

A

semantic memory

31
Q

what is the key difference between episodic and semantic memories?

A

episodic have contextual info about the formation of the memory whereas semantic doesn’t

32
Q

procedural memory =

A

skills, habits

33
Q

memory processes and memory systems are not ______ _______

A

mutually exclusive

34
Q

how is the WM used to manipulate info in STM

A

active rehearsal and chunking, current thoughts, retrieving and transferring info to and from LTM

35
Q

what is the difference between STM and WM?

A

STM is the passive store for brief retention of info whereas WM is storage and controlled processing of info in the present moment

36
Q

does STM or WM have the shorter duration?

A

WM has a shorter duration of about 3s

37
Q

what is the WM capacity?

A

3-5 info elements

38
Q

what model was the first to describe the features of the WM?

A

Baddeley’s model of working memory

39
Q

what are the subsystems involved in the working memory model?

A

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic buffer, LTM

40
Q

responsible for the storage of visual and spatial info in working memory

A

visuospatial sketchpad

41
Q

how is the phenological loop similar to the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

operates in the same way but as a storage subsystem for verbal info

42
Q

how does the phenological loop work?

A

verbal info is stored in a loop and then replaced by new verbal info as it comes in

43
Q

what allows information to be stored for a longer period of time in the phonological loop?

A

an articulatory control process that allows for the rehearsal of verbal info

44
Q

most errors occur when recalling items that sound alike. what effect is this?

A

phonological similarity effect

45
Q

when memory recall is effected by word length this is called the?

A

word length effect

46
Q

longer words show lower recall rates than shorter words. why is this?

A

more time is passing during rehearsal with longer words

47
Q

part of the WM system that holds episodic memories as an overflow for the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad?

A

episodic buffer

48
Q

how does the episodic buffer work?

A

briefly stores episodic memories with visual and verbal codes integrated from the other 2 subsystems, binding of features occurs automatically, link between WM and LTM

49
Q

manager, controls the flow of info between subsystems and controls which part of the system is the current focus of attention

A

central executive

50
Q

coordination of info, working memory = what brain area?

A

frontal cortex

51
Q

spatial and episodic memory storage = what brain area?

A

temporal cortex

52
Q

implicit and emotional memory formation = what brain area?

A

amygdala

53
Q

explicit memory formation = what brain area?

A

hippocampus

54
Q

implicit memory formation = what brain area?

A

cerebellum

cognitive 2 (9 decks)

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