memory: processes and systems

Question 1

faculty by which info is encoded, stored and retrieved when needed =

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

what are the 3 primary processes of memory?

Answer 2

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 3

the process of inputting info into memory and either enters the memory system or slips away =

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

encoding can be an ____ process

Answer 4

active

Question 5

what is needed for info to be encoded?

Answer 5

attention to the information

Question 6

the process of storing info into memory so it is either preserved for recollection in future of forgotten =

Answer 6

storage

Question 7

the process of outputting info from memory and can be intentional or unintentional =

Answer 7

retrieval

Question 8

talk about the case study of clive wearing and how he demonstrated that not all memories are the same

Answer 8

musician/conductor who lost the ability to form new memories as his hippocampus and brain tissue was damaged. lost ability to know what what happening for more than 1 min at a time. lost episodic memories but retained his procedural memories (musical abilities)

Question 9

what 2 features are used to categorise memories?

Answer 9

time and content

Question 10

describe the modal model of memory for time

Answer 10

input > sensory memory > STM > LTM

LTM > STM

Question 11

modality specific storage of input from the senses =

Answer 11

sensory memory

Question 12

iconic memory =

Answer 12

visual impressions

Question 13

echoic memory =

Answer 13

auditory impressions

Question 14

why is sensory memory difficult to measure in ppts?

Answer 14

it has a very brief duration so in studies ppts typically don’t have time to report their sensory memory retrieval before it has disappeared

Question 15

attention to info moves from sensory to STM =

Answer 15

short term memory

Question 16

give some features of STM

Answer 16

intermediate memory storage. short duration (30-60ms), held in STM for as long as attention lasts, active rehearsal helps, info lost gradually

Question 17

what is the capacity of the STM?

Answer 17

5-9 info elements

Question 18

what factors influence the capacity of the STM?

Answer 18

type of info, attentional limits

Question 19

system that controls the processing and activation of the info held in the STM =

Answer 19

working memory

boosted by active rehearsal and chunking

Question 20

retroactive interference =

Answer 20

when new info interferes with the storage or retrieval of old info

Question 21

proactive interference =

Answer 21

when old info interferes with the storage or retrieval of new info

Question 22

LTM =

Answer 22

info can be transferred from STM > LTM and retrieved from LTM > STM

Question 23

what someone can retrieve from LTM at a given time is _______

Answer 23

limited

Question 24

LTM has unlimited ______ and _______

Answer 24

duration and capacity

Question 25

what is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memories?

Answer 25

declarative = explicit, memories you are aware of and can express. non-declarative = implicit, memories difficult to bring into awareness and express

Question 26

what are the 2 different types of declarative memories?

Answer 26

episodic and semantic

Question 27

what are the 2 different types of non-declarative memories?

Answer 27

procedural and other (conditioning/priming)

Question 28

episodes of your life you remember, includes contextual info (where/when they occurred) =

Answer 28

episodic memory

Question 29

some episodic memories are _________

Answer 29

autobiographical (allow mental time travel along timeline to particular episode)

Question 30

general word facts but don't have contextual info, contribute to other cognitive abilities =

Answer 30

semantic memory

Question 31

what is the key difference between episodic and semantic memories?

Answer 31

episodic have contextual info about the formation of the memory whereas semantic doesn't

Question 32

procedural memory =

Answer 32

skills, habits

Question 33

memory processes and memory systems are not ______ _______

Answer 33

mutually exclusive

Question 34

how is the WM used to manipulate info in STM

Answer 34

active rehearsal and chunking, current thoughts, retrieving and transferring info to and from LTM

Question 35

what is the difference between STM and WM?

Answer 35

STM is the passive store for brief retention of info whereas WM is storage and controlled processing of info in the present moment

Question 36

does STM or WM have the shorter duration?

Answer 36

WM has a shorter duration of about 3s

Question 37

what is the WM capacity?

Answer 37

3-5 info elements

Question 38

what model was the first to describe the features of the WM?

Answer 38

Baddeley's model of working memory

Question 39

what are the subsystems involved in the working memory model?

Answer 39

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic buffer, LTM

Question 40

responsible for the storage of visual and spatial info in working memory

Answer 40

visuospatial sketchpad

Question 41

how is the phenological loop similar to the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 41

operates in the same way but as a storage subsystem for verbal info

Question 42

how does the phenological loop work?

Answer 42

verbal info is stored in a loop and then replaced by new verbal info as it comes in

Question 43

what allows information to be stored for a longer period of time in the phonological loop?

Answer 43

an articulatory control process that allows for the rehearsal of verbal info

Question 44

most errors occur when recalling items that sound alike. what effect is this?

Answer 44

phonological similarity effect

Question 45

when memory recall is effected by word length this is called the?

Answer 45

word length effect

Question 46

longer words show lower recall rates than shorter words. why is this?

Answer 46

more time is passing during rehearsal with longer words

Question 47

part of the WM system that holds episodic memories as an overflow for the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 47

episodic buffer

Question 48

how does the episodic buffer work?

Answer 48

briefly stores episodic memories with visual and verbal codes integrated from the other 2 subsystems, binding of features occurs automatically, link between WM and LTM

Question 49

manager, controls the flow of info between subsystems and controls which part of the system is the current focus of attention

Answer 49

central executive

Question 50

coordination of info, working memory = what brain area?

Answer 50

frontal cortex

Question 51

spatial and episodic memory storage = what brain area?

Answer 51

temporal cortex

Question 52

implicit and emotional memory formation = what brain area?

Answer 52

amygdala

Question 53

explicit memory formation = what brain area?

Answer 53

hippocampus

Question 54

implicit memory formation = what brain area?

Answer 54

cerebellum