episodic memory

Question 1

capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past as well as to imagine possible future scenarios =

Answer 1

mental time travel (chronesthesia)

Question 2

what are the different types of mental time travel?

Answer 2

early memories, recent memories, future events, imagined events, reminiscence bump, flashbulb memories

Question 3

flashbulb memories are?

Answer 3

emotionally shocking and significant e.g. JFK death, 9/11

Question 4

superior memory for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 4

reminiscence bump

Question 5

childhood amnesia =

Answer 5

phase in the beginning of life where we don’t have any memories (usually before age 4/5)

Question 6

why is Jill price famous?

Answer 6

first person to be diagnosed with a highly superior autobiographical memory

Question 7

what are the 2 types of memory tests and how are they different?

Answer 7

direct and indirect.
direct = instructed encoding and explicit retrieval.
indirect = incidental encoding and implicit retrieval.

Question 8

how are direct memory tests carried out?

Answer 8

ppts instructed to memorise info and during testing then asked to retrieve the info they memorised

Question 9

recall memory tests =

Answer 9

generating information from memory

Question 10

recall as many items as possible =

Answer 10

free recall

Question 11

recall items in the order of their presentation =

Answer 11

serial recall

Question 12

recall items with the help of a cue =

Answer 12

cued recall

Question 13

what is the DV for recall memory tests?

Answer 13

proportion of directly recalled items

Question 14

what are the 2 types of direct memory tests?

Answer 14

recall and recognition

Question 15

verify whether information presented matches memory =

Answer 15

recognition memory test

Question 16

how are recognition memory tests carried out?

Answer 16

ppts asked to memorise a set of words then asked if certain words were on the list (signal detection theory)

Question 17

what is the DV for recognition tests?

Answer 17

difference between correctly verified probes (hits) and wrongly accepted probes (false alarms) - detection performance

Question 18

how are indirect memory tests carried out?

Answer 18

ppts think about the info but not instructed to memorise it. during testing they are asked to complete an activity seemingly unrelated to memory (implicit)

Question 19

what is the DV for indirect memory tests?

Answer 19

proportion of unintentionally but correctly retrieved items

Question 20

what are the influences on encoding of information?

Answer 20

levels of processing, spacing effect, serial position effect

Question 21

what is the influence on retrieval of information?

Answer 21

testing effect

Question 22

explain levels of processing on recall effect

Answer 22

shallow or deep processing (depth) effects memory. deeper level of processing results in more info being recalled

Question 23

explain structural, phonemic and category as levels of processing theory

Answer 23

structural > phenomic > category (increased memory retrieval)

Question 24

what are the 2 spacing effects?

Answer 24

massed practice (single lengthy study period) and distributed -practice (multiple, short study periods)

Question 25

memory is generally better after ______ practice

Answer 25

distributed

Question 26

the longer the _____, the ______ the memory is

Answer 26

spacing, better

Question 27

information encoded first (primacy) or last (recency) is recalled best. what effect is this?

Answer 27

serial position effect

Question 28

describe the testing effect

Answer 28

ppts study a text and then either restudy or are tested on the information. recall after 5 min, 2 days or 2 weeks. testing retrieval improves memory for delays longer than a few minutes which shows regular testing improves recall.

Question 29

what is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 29

matching context at encoding and retrieval aids episodic memory

Question 30

procedural memory that alters performance based on previous experiences =

Answer 30

implicit memory

Question 31

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future =

Answer 31

prospective memory

Question 32

give some features of prospective memory

Answer 32

intentional task, but requires that one remembers the intention to perform the task, can occur through cues in the environment, studied in real life and lab studies

Question 33

what is a mechanism that can cause forgetting?

Answer 33

interference

Question 34

interference occurs when…

Answer 34

other information prevents the retrieval of the target information

Question 35

processing information according to its meaning to allow longer storage in memory =

Answer 35

elaborative encoding

Question 36

encoding info according to its surface features =

Answer 36

shallow processing

Question 37

encoding info according to its meaning =

Answer 37

deep processing

Question 38

why is multiple studying episodes better than long intense ones?

Answer 38

more varied retrieval cues (environment, mood, thoughts, technique) that can be useful when info is retrieved from LTM. all of this contextual info is stored with the material you are studying so contextual cues help connect the info you are trying to remember