memory errors

Question 1

what are Schacter’s (2002) seven sins of memory?

Answer 1

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

Question 2

decreasing accessibility to memories over time =

Answer 2

transcience

Question 3

lapses of attention that affect memory and learning =

Answer 3

absentmindedness

Question 4

information is present but temporality inaccessible =

Answer 4

blocking e.g. tip of the tongue state

Question 5

attributing memories to an incorrect source =

Answer 5

misattribution

Question 6

what does crypotmnesia mean?

Answer 6

unconscious plagiarism

Question 7

false memories =

Answer 7

remembering things that never happened

Question 8

implanted memories that never occurred =

Answer 8

suggestibility

Question 9

what is the misinformation effect?

Answer 9

altering memories to conform to recently encountered but incorrect information

Question 10

distorted memories of the past based on current knowledge and beliefs =

Answer 10

bias

Question 11

misremember memories as being more similar to the current knowledge =

Answer 11

hindsight bias
(foresight = what did people predict)

Question 12

unwanted recollections that cannot be forgotten =

Answer 12

persistance

Question 13

what are some examples of persistence memory errors?

Answer 13

ear worm, first responders, violence, war, embarrassing moments

Question 14

describe ebbinghaus’s 1885 experiments

Answer 14

N = 1 (author) he was only ppt in study, learnt rows of nonsense syllables (consonant-vowel-consonant), after learning he tested his recall over different periods of time

Question 15

what did ebbinhaus find in his self experiment?

Answer 15

most of our forgetting occurs quickly and then continues but at a slower pace. there is less difference in forgetting as time passes

Question 16

decay =

Answer 16

forgetting due to the passing of time (theory that time has a causal effect on memory)

Question 17

interference =

Answer 17

forgetting due to competition between memories

Question 18

explain Thorndike’s “law of disuse”

Answer 18

the more time passes without using a memory, the more the memory decays away until it is entirely forgotten

Question 19

what is McGeoch’s critique of the “law of disuse”

Answer 19

the passing of time causes nothing by itself but time is correlated with processes that cause forgetting (such as interference)

Question 20

what are the 2 types of interference?

Answer 20

proactive (old memories stop retrieval of new ones) and retroactive (new memories stop retrieval of old ones)

Question 21

what are the 3 types of source monitoring?

Answer 21

internal, external, reality

Question 22

what are the 4 types of source information?

Answer 22

perceptual, contextual, affective, cognitive

Question 23

what type of source information is higher in detail when actually experienced by the person rather than from other sources?

Answer 23

perceptual source information

Question 24

context in which memory was acquired is consistent with an expected source = what source info?

Answer 24

contextual source information

Question 25

emotional reaction in context of information =

Answer 25

affective source information

Question 26

mental processing of the information =

Answer 26

cognitive source information

Question 27

give an example of a typical external source monitoring error

Answer 27

misremembering doing something with a particular person

Question 28

what causes a stronger effect for confabulations?

Answer 28

when ppts received confirmatory feedback

Question 29

what were the results from Loftus & Pickrell's false memories experiment?

Answer 29

1/4 of ppts falsely remembered to have been lost in the mall, shows false memories can be implanted via suggestion

Question 30

what were the results for Wade et al's experiment digitally altering photographs to make false evidence?

Answer 30

50% of ppts believed after a week that the hot air balloon event actually happened in their childhood, so 1/2 demonstrated false memories via suggestion. false evidence shown to contribute to formation of false memories

Question 31

what were the results from Zaragoza et al's experiments using a confabulated event?

Answer 31

people who could guess answers to questions were more likely to show false recognition and respond saying 'yes' 1 week later. ppts recalled 20% pf their forced confabulations as their own memories in the free recall at 4-6 weeks

Question 32

deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease or psychological trauma =

Answer 32

amnesia

Question 33

what is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

Answer 33

``` retrograde = loss of ability to access memories PRIOR to the event. anterograde = loss of ability to store new memories AFTER the event. ```

Question 34

what is posthypnotic amnesia (PHA)?

Answer 34

inability to recall events that took place under hypnosis (until presented with a prearranged reversibility cue)

Question 35

PHA is a deficit in which memory process?

Answer 35

retrieval

Question 36

true or false: some people are more susceptible to hypnosis than others

Answer 36

true

Question 37

describe Mendelsohn et al's hypnosis experiment and the results

Answer 37

ppts made to watch a 45 min documentary. 3 conditions: induce PHA, no PHA, simulate PHA ppts then took part in a recognition task. found that PHA resulted in less correct answers than no PHA > suggests hypnosis can induce a state of amnesia that specifically affects retreival