Memory Organization layout

Question 1

List the Memory Organizations

and there levels

Answer 1

1. Registers Level 0
2. Cache Level 1
3. Main Memory Level 2
4. Disk Level 3
5. Magnetic Disk Level 4
6. Magnetic Tape Level 5

Question 2

Memory Layout

Answer 2

Heap
Stack
Static
Code(Text)

Question 3

Heap

Answer 3

is large free memory that could be used by a program. Also know as dynamic memory. Which is one data structure

Question 4

Stack

Answer 4

is where functions call and local variables are located

Question 5

Static

Answer 5

Global variables

Question 6

Code(Text)

Answer 6

is where the instructions are

Question 7

Types of registers

How to tell the difference between sizes

Answer 7

Data Registers

Pointer Registers

Index Registers

16 bit is 2 digits
32 bits has “E” in front of the 2 digits
64 bits has “R” in front of the 2 digit

Question 8

AX & Type of Register

Answer 8

Primary Accumulator it is used for input and output and most arithmetic instructions

Data Registers

Question 9

BX & Type of Register

Answer 9

Based register as could be sued in indexed addressing

Data Registers

Question 10

CX & Type of Register

Answer 10

Counter register. Stores the loop count

Data Registers

Question 11

DX & Type of Register

Answer 11

Data Register used for input output like AX a resister along with DX for multiply and divide operations involving large values.

Data Registers

Question 12

SI & Type of Register

Answer 12

Source Index - It is used as a source index for string operations.

Question 13

DI & Type of Register

Answer 13

Destination Index - It is used as a destination index for string operations.

Question 14

OF & Type of Register

Answer 14

Overflow Flag (OF) − It indicates the overflow of a high-order bit (leftmost bit) of data after a signed arithmetic operation.

Question 15

DF & Type of Register

Answer 15

Direction Flag (DF) − It determines left or right direction for moving or comparing string data. When the DF value is 0, the string operation takes left-to-right direction and when the value is set to 1, the string operation takes right-to-left direction.

Question 16

IF & Type of Register

Answer 16

Interrupt Flag (IF) − It determines whether the external interrupts like keyboard entry, etc., are to be ignored or processed. It disables the external interrupt when the value is 0 and enables interrupts when set to 1.

Question 17

TF & Type of Register

Answer 17

Trap Flag (TF) − It allows setting the operation of the processor in single-step mode. The DEBUG program we used sets the trap flag, so we could step through the execution one instruction at a time.

Question 18

SF & Type of Register

Answer 18

Sign Flag (SF) − It shows the sign of the result of an arithmetic operation. This flag is set according to the sign of a data item following the arithmetic operation. The sign is indicated by the high-order of leftmost bit. A positive result clears the value of SF to 0 and negative result sets it to 1.

Question 19

ZF & Type of Register

Answer 19

Zero Flag (ZF) − It indicates the result of an arithmetic or comparison operation. A nonzero result clears the zero flag to 0, and a zero result sets it to 1.

Question 20

AF& Type of Register

Answer 20

Auxiliary Carry Flag (AF) − It contains the carry from bit 3 to bit 4 following an arithmetic operation; used for specialized arithmetic. The AF is set when a 1-byte arithmetic operation causes a carry from bit 3 into bit 4.

Question 21

PF & Type of Register

Answer 21

Parity Flag (PF) − It indicates the total number of 1-bits in the result obtained from an arithmetic operation. An even number of 1-bits clears the parity flag to 0 and an odd number of 1-bits sets the parity flag to 1.

Question 22

CF & Type of Register

Answer 22

Carry Flag (CF) − It contains the carry of 0 or 1 from a high-order bit (leftmost) after an arithmetic operation. It also stores the contents of last bit of a shift or rotate operation.

Question 23

Name the 3 types of Segments

Answer 23

Code Segment
Data Segment
Stack Segement

Question 24

Code Segment

Answer 24

It contains all the instructions to be executed. A 16-bit Code Segment register or CS register stores the starting address of the code segment.

Question 25

Data Segment

Answer 25

It contains data, constants and work areas. A 16-bit Data Segment register or DS register stores the starting address of the data segment.

Question 26

Stack Segment

Answer 26

It contains data and return addresses of procedures or subroutines. It is implemented as a ‘stack’ data structure. The Stack Segment register or SS register stores the starting address of the stack.