Memory - Multi Store model

Question 1

Who created the model?

Answer 1

Atkinson & Shriffrin

Question 2

What is the model?

Answer 2

A model of the basic structure of memory

- separated into several different stores

Question 3

Names of the stores?

Answer 3

• sensory
• short term
• long term

Question 4

Duration, capacity & encoding of Sensory store

Answer 4

• short (0.25-2 seconds)
• large capacity
• auditory & visual (echoic & iconic stores)

Question 5

How is information passed on from sensory to STM?

Answer 5

Paying attention

Question 6

Capacity of STM?

Answer 6

+
7 2
-

(Miller’s magic number)

Question 7

Duration of STM?

Answer 7

up to 30 seconds

Question 8

Who researched the duration of STM & how?

Answer 8

Peterson & Peterson

• trigram study
• asked to recall letters after different periods of time
• count backwards in between
• counterbalanced

Question 9

Encoding of information in STM?

Answer 9

Acoustic

Question 10

Who investigated STM encoding & how?

Answer 10

Baddeley (study a)

4 types of word list
- semantic similar/dissimilar & acoustic s/d
- 10 words, asked to recall immediately in same
order
- sound affected recall, meaning didn’t

Question 11

Types of LTM?

Answer 11

• Episodic = specific events & context
  (conscious)
• Semantic = general knowledge (conscious)
• Procedural = Performance of actions
  (unconscious)

Question 12

Capacity of LTM?

Answer 12

Unlimited - impossible to test

Question 13

Duration of LTM

Answer 13

Up to a lifetime (infinite)

Question 14

Study into Duration of LTM & what they did?

Answer 14

Bahrick

• accuracy of face & name recognition of school
  peers at ages …

Question 15

Encoding in LTM?

Answer 15

Semantic

Question 16

Research into encoding of LTM & what they did?

Answer 16

Baddeley (study b)

• lists of 4 types of words
  
  • acoustic/ semantic, similar/dissimilar
  • 10 words
  • 20 minute delay filled with other task
  • recall tested in correct order
  • no difference in ac. but sem. affected

Question 17

Evidence that LTM & STM are separate

Answer 17

• information encoded in different ways
  (Baddeley)
• evidence of PRIMARY & RECENCY effects
  (Glazer & Kunitz)
• evidence from case studies of patients with
  memory problems following brain damage
  (H.M. & K.F.)

Question 18

Primacy & Recency effects & evidence

Answer 18

• best recall for early (P) & later items (R) in
  relatively long lists
  
  • middle words no longer in STM &
    can’t be rehearsed (replaced)
  • recent = STM, later = LTM

Glanzer & Cunitz
- delay put in before people recalled words (20)
- 3 seconds counting backwards
- delay eliminated Recency effect (exceeds STM
duration)

Question 19

Evidence from case studies that LTM & STM stores are separate (damage to LTM)

Answer 19

H.M.
- Hippocampus removed
- could no longer form new long-term memories
- can recognise people & events from
childhood

Question 20

Evidence that STM & LTM stores are separate (damage to STM)

Answer 20

K.F. 
- motorcycle accident 
- Shallice & Warrington 
- brain damage 
- greatly reduced capacity (numbers) & Recency 
  effect
- impaired STM 
- could still form Long-term memories

Question 21

Strengths of the Multi-store model

Answer 21

✅ supported by the primary & recency effect

✅ supported by case studies of H.M & K.F.

✅ supported by Baddeley’s encoding studies

Question 22

Weaknesses of the Multi-store model

Answer 22

❌ overly simple

- more than one store 
- information has to go through STM to LTM  

❌ K.F. had good visual memory

❌ H.M. could learn procedural things

Question 23

How is information passed between STM & LTM?

Answer 23

Rehearsal ➡️

Retrieval ⬅️