Memory & Learning Flashcards
what factors help with retaining information into long term memory?
- rehearsal
- emotional salience
- levels of encoding (elaboration, state dependent learning, environmental dependent learning)
what are the common terms for declarative memory?
- who, what, when, where
- conscious
- visual
- verbal
- explicit
- autobiographical
- episodic
- semantic
- prospective
what are the common terms for nondeclarative memory?
- classical conditioning
- how
- motor
- automatic
- subconscious
- perceptual
- habit
- procedural
what are the characteristics of episodic memory?
- truly autobiographical (memories of your life)
- autobiographically bound (where you learned it, when you learned it, or retrieval of the learning event)
what are the characteristics of semantic memory?
- facts
- language concept area
- not time dependent
- no idea where/when it was learned
what are the types of explicit memory?
- verbal-visual
- intentional-accidental
- recent-remote
what are the characteristics of implicit memory?
- memory of skills and procedures
- origins of learning often lost
- often preserved in disease due to more distributed nature of neuroanatomy
what is anterograde amnesia?
- inability to learn new information
- most common memory impairment
- HM is a popular patient with anterograde amnesia
what is retrograde amnesia?
- a loss of memory for events prior to injury
- temporally graded (tend to remember info more remotely in your past better than more recent info)
- rarely spans years
- very rare to have retrograde amnesia without anterograde amnesia
what is the primacy effect?
things that come at the beginning of something tend to be remembered better
what is the recency effect?
things at the end of something are better remembered
what are the characteristics of bilateral mesial temporal lobe dysfunction?
- early dementia due to Alzheimer’s diseases
- poor encoding, severe delayed recall, mildly impaired recognition
- deficits in consolidation with rapid forgetting
what are the characteristics of prefrontal cortex and subcortical damage?
- variable encoding, variable recall, good recognition
- no forgetting
- semantically organized material is better recalled
- inefficient encoding, intact consolidation; retrieval deficit
which aspects of memory are found in the left hemisphere?
- verbal memory
- more involved in encoding and less so in retrieval (prefrontal cortex)
- semantic memory
which aspects of memory are found in the right hemisphere?
- visual memory
- involved in retrieval (prefrontal cortex, insula, and parietal)
- autobiographical memory
