Memory, language and executive dysfunction (brain and behaviour) Flashcards
what are the stages of memory (4 stages)
registration: input from our senses into the memory system
encoding: processing and combining of received information
storage: holding of that input in the memory system
retrieval: recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)
what are the types of long term memory?
long term memory can be divided into declarative and non-declarative
declarative consists of episodic and semantic
non-declarative consists of procedural, priming, conditioning and non-associative learning
what are different types of memory systems? (3)
semantic - knowledge
procedural - how to do things
working - short term
what factors influence likelihood of recalling a word? (knowing this is useful for effectively delivering info to patient)
number of words position of word in list salience to patient distractions chunking or other memory encoding method time delay
what is a phoneme
the smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning
humans can produce just over 100 different phonemes. the english language consists of 44
what is a morpheme
the smallest unit of meaning in a language
usually consists of one syllable
morphemes are combined into words
explain the structure of language
phonemes morphemes words phrases sentences
explain the critical period of language development
the ability to acquire languages decreases with age but has a rapid drop off around age 6
this was shown through Genie who was found age 13 with no socialisation and only gained little competence after years of rehabilitation
what is Broca’s aphasia
problems with express language
characteristics: non-fluent speech impaired repetition poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences intact comprehension
what is Wernicke’s aphasia
problems with comprehending speech (input or reception of language)
characteristics: fluent meaningless speech errors producing specific words substituting words with similar sound substituting words with similar meaning poor repetition impairment in writing
list some conditions associated with aphasia
stroke
traumatic brain injury
cerebral tumour
progressive neurodegenerative conditions
what is dysexecutive syndrome
dysexecutive syndrome involves the disruption of executive function and is closely related to frontal lobe damage
Phones Gage
cognitive aspects:
poor planning and organisation
difficulty coping with novel situations and unstructured tasks
difficulty switching tasks
difficulty keeping track of multiple tasks
difficulty with abstract thinking
define executive functions
executive functioning skills are the mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions and juggle multiple tasks successfully
basically how to be a productive human being
