Individual Differences Flashcards
What are the traits in the Five-Factor Model
Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
(OCEAN)
Define some features of conscientiousness related to healthcare
longevity
health behaviour across lifespan
higher medical engagement and adherence
overall good for general wellbeing
define some features of neuroticism related to healthcare
increased reporting of somatic symptoms
higher rates of mental health disorders
higher mortality rates
overall not so good for general wellbeing
define intelligence
the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment
what is IQ
mental age/chronological age x100
it has a normal distribution
what are the 4 factors in the Wechsler intelligence scale
verbal comprehension
perceptual reasoning
working memory
processing speed
list Gardener’s Multiple intelligences
linguistic intelligence logical-mathematical intelligence spatial intelligence musical intelligence bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence interpersonal intelligence interpersonal functioning naturalistic intelligence existential intelligence
what is the main criticism of IQ
it averages out all the scores
particularly relevant clinically for stroke patients
define crystallised intelligence
the ability to apply previous acquired knowledge to current problems. Will commonly improve with age and then stabilise
define fluid intelligence
the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution. Shows steady pattern of decline in ageing
genetic vs environment effect on intelligence
genetics account for 1/2-2/3 of the variation in IQ
no single gene for intelligence has been identified
environment accounts for 1/2-1/3 of the variation in IQ
educational experiences are very important
environment can affect gene expression
list some of the key features of autism
social/emotional:
difficulty with friendships, managing unstructured time, working cooperatively
flexibility of thought:
difficulty coping with changes of routine, empathy and generalisation
language and communication:
difficulty processing and retaining verbal information
difficulty understanding jokes/sarcasm, social use of language, interpretation of body language
what are the sex differences of autism
4: 1 male:female ratio for autism
9: 1 male:female ratio for Asperger’s syndrome (high functioning autism)
linked to differences in male vs female ability to empathise and systemise
hypothesised that autism is just extremely male brain
