Memory

Question 1

Memory definition

Answer 1

“The processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning” (Grivas, 2013).

Question 2

Information Processing Model of Memory

Answer 2

Encoding (raw stimulus info), storage (info held in STM to LTM), retrieval (recall info from STM or LTM).

Question 3

Serial Position Effect (primacy/recency effect)

Answer 3

Primacy-remembering info at start of list (in LTM)
Recency-remembering info at end of list (in STM).
Glazner and Cunitz (1966)-list recall immediately vs 30 sec later.

Question 4

Multi Store Model

Answer 4

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). Structural features:
SR-capacity, iconic (0.2-0.4 seconds (Cowan, 1995)), echoic (3-4 seconds (Cowan et al, 2000)).
STM-capacity, 7 +/– 2 items (Miller, 1956) duration- 18-30 seconds (Peterson and Peterson, 1959)
Control processes: attention, maintenance rehearsal, retrieval.

Question 5

Working Memory Model

Answer 5

Baddeley and Hitch (1974). Phonological loop-duration: 2 seconds
Visuo-spatial sketchpad (briefly stores visual info)
Central executive (working system)
Dual tasks: simultaneously performing tasks (Gluck et al, 2008).

Question 6

Levels of Processing Model

Answer 6

Craik and Lockhart (1972). Shallow/superficial (visual), intermediate (acoustic), deep (semantic – meaning).

Question 7

Semantic Network Theory

Answer 7

Collins & Quillian (1969). LTM runs like a network of concepts (nodes), remembering a memory will trigger other nodes similar to its original concept.

Question 8

Procedural/Declarative Memory

Answer 8

Procedural memory is actions and skills that have been learned previously.
Declarative memory is facts and events which can be stated. Declarative memory can be episodic or semantic.

Question 9

Implicit/Explicit Memory

Answer 9

Implicit memory-does not require conscious recollection of past events or information.
Explicit memory-requires the individual to consciously recall information such as facts.

Question 10

Elabouration

Answer 10

Elaboration is easier for high imagery words.
McDaniel and Einstein (1986)-creating meaning to words significantly increases recall.

Question 11

Organisation of LTM

Answer 11

Bousefield and Sedgewick (1944)-information is held in meaningful clusters or categories.
Link to Collins and Quillians Semantic Network Theory (1969).

Question 12

Mnemonics

Answer 12

Visual imagery: Pavio et al (1968)-retrieval is improved when a visual/mental image can be applied.
Motivation to remember: factoring in an important motive when encoding, retrieval is greater, Kassam et al (2009).
Self-referent encoding: Rogers et al (1977)-adjectives that described subjects recalled better than those that didn’t.

Question 13

Consolidation Theory

Answer 13

Consolidation is a vulnerable process where disruption can alter information for up to 30 mins.
Hudspeth et al (1964)-found rats whose consolidation period had been interrupted by ECT had less retention of task.