MEMORY DP 7, 8

Question 1

Atkinson Shiffrin model of memory

Answer 1

Memory is an active processing system that encodes, stores and recovers information when required.
Encoding: converting information into a usable form of storage
Storage: retaining information over time for the future
Retrieval: accessing previously stored information for use

Question 2

Types of memory

Answer 2

Sensory, short term, long term

Question 3

Sensory memory

Answer 3

The entry point of a memory where new incoming information is briefly stored
- acts as a filter to what is relevant

Question 4

Sensory memory

Iconic

Answer 4

Visual sensory memory
Duration → 0.3-0.4 sec (fraction of a sec)
Capacity → unlimited

Question 5

Sensory memory echoic

Answer 5

Auditory sensory memory
Duration → 3-4 secs
Capacity → unlimited

Question 6

Short term memory

Answer 6

A memory system that maintains information in conscious awareness for immediate use 
Duration → 12-30 secs
Capacity →  7±2 items 
To increase duration of STM: rehearsal
To increase capacity: chunking

Question 7

Long term memory

Answer 7

A relatively permanent memory store in which an unlimited amount of information can be stored until it is retrieved for future use.
Duration: Relatively permanent
Capacity: Unlimited

Question 8

Long term memory made of up

Answer 8

Explicit memory
- semantic and episodic

Implicit memory
- procedural and classically conditioned response

Question 9

Explicit memory

Answer 9

Declarative long term memories that can be consciously retrieved and stated.

Semantic memory

• Facts / knowledge
• I remember the fact that

Episodic memory

• Personal experience
• I remember a time when

Question 10

Implicit memory

Answer 10

Memory that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval. Memory without awareness

Procedural memory
- Motor skills / actions
- I remember how to…
Hard to put into words

Classically conditioned response

• Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli acquired through classical conditioning
• The response will occur automatically, without conscious awareness, therefore it is implicit

Question 11

Memory and the brain

Answer 11

Different areas of the brain may become involved as we encode, store and retrieve different types of info
Emotional events bring back memories of other events where that emotion was released due to the release of adrenaline during emotionally arousing experiences which enhance LTM consolidation

Question 12

Explicit memory effects

Answer 12

Hippocampus

Cerebral cortex

Question 13

Hippocampus

Answer 13

Is responsible for the consolidation of declarative (episodic and semantic) memories.
Turns STM into LTM through consolidation
The hippocampus does not store these memories within its structure, but assists in storing them in other areas of the brain
H - hippocampus, H - have you put the memory anywhere

Question 14

Cerebral cortex

Answer 14

Stores explicit memories
Long-term memories are spread out across the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Generally, the area of the cerebral cortex where encoding (processing) took place, is where the information is stored.
P - prefrontal cortex, P - pretty good place to store memories

Question 15

Brain regions with Implicit memory

Answer 15

Amygdala

Cerebellum

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

The amygdala consolidates emotional memories which are implicit (involuntary), however, it does not store the memories within its structure. It assists in processing and storage of these memories in other brain areas.
It helps regulate emotional reactions, particularly fear and anger. Heightened emotions create stronger more vivid memories through the release of noradrenaline at the time of encoding.
AMYygdala, an emotionally arousing experience (hear and anger)

Question 17

During an emotionally arousing experience:

Answer 17

Adrenaline is released
Adrenaline stimulates the release of noradrenaline (neurotransmitter)
This activates the amygdala that is responsible for the consolidation of emotionally arousing memories
The hippocampus works with the amygdala to consolidation these memories into LTM (consolidation means to make long lasting)

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

Storage of implicit memories
Procedural memories of motor skills and involuntary motor skills such as classically conditioned reflexes are stored in the cerebellum.
C - cerebellum, C - can you play the cello? (procedural → how to)

Question 19

Amygdala
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
Hippocampus

Answer 19

Amygdala C - I → emotionally arousing, linking emotion to memory
Cerebellum S - I → procedural and classically conditioned responses
Cerebral cortex S - E → semantic and episodic storage
Hippocampus C - E → semantic and episodic consolidation
C = consolidation, S = storage, I = implicit, E = explic