Memory (chapter 24)

Question 1

Lifelong adaptation to environment via___

Answer 1

Learning and memory

Question 2

Evidence of several memory systems via ___

Answer 2

Brain lesions

Question 3

Learning

Answer 3

The acquisition of new information

Question 4

Memory

Answer 4

Retention of learned information

Question 5

Declarative memory (and the types)

Answer 5

Aka: Explicit Memory; involves conscious recollection.

1. Facts=Semantic memory
2. Events=Episodic memory

Question 6

Declarative memory pathway

Answer 6

Sensory info–> Working memory*

(or)

Sensory info—> short term memory—>Memory consolidation—>Long term memory

Question 7

Non-declarative memory (three types)

Answer 7

aka implicit memory; Procedural/behavioural, often unconscious.

1. Procedural memory (skills and habits)–Striatum
2. Skeletal musculature–Cerebellum
3. Emotional responses–Amygdala

Question 8

Procedural memory (two types)

Answer 8

Occurs in Striatum; Skills and habits.

1. Associative learning
2. Non-Associative learning

Question 9

Associative learning (2 types)

Answer 9

Involves a learning of predictive relationship; behaviour is altered by formations of associations between events.

1. Classical conditioning (pavlov)
2. Instrumental conditioning (

Question 10

Non-associative learning (2 types)

Answer 10

1. Habituation: learning to ignore certain stimuli (downward curve)
2. Sensitization: Intensifies response (line and break, then downward curve)

Question 11

Declarative memory occurs in

Answer 11

Diencephalon and medial temporal lobe

Question 12

Classical conditioning (3 steps)

Answer 12

1. (Before)
   Unconditioned stimuli—>Unconiditioned Response
   Neutral stimuli—>no response
2. (During)
   Neutral stimulus+Unconditioned stimuli—> Unconditioned response
3. (After)
   Conditioned stimuli—.Conditioned response

Question 13

Instrumental conditioning

Answer 13

(edward thorndike) Certain behaviour is associated with a particular consequence: Motivation is a significant factor.

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

“having this in mind” Sharply limited in capacities and duration.

Question 15

Short-term memory

Answer 15

vulnerable to disruption; where facts and events are stored. Can be converted to long-term memory via memory consolidation.

Question 16

Amnesia

Answer 16

1. (permanent)=Retrograde and anterograde amnesia

2. (temporary)=Dissociative and transient global amnesia

Question 17

Permanent amnesias

Answer 17

(usually a mixture of both)

1. Retrograde amnesia=no memory recollection of past before trauma
2. Anterograde amnesia=Cannot form memories after trauma

Question 18

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 18

temporary amnesia that occurs when no other cognitive defects are present

Question 19

Limited amnesia

Answer 19

(aka transient global amnesia) Caused by trauma (temporal ischema) and sudden onset of anterograde amnesia

Question 20

prefrontal cortex functions

Answer 20

self-awareness, capacity for planning and problem solving

Question 21

Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test

Answer 21

To demonstrate problems associated with prefrontal cortical damage: participant will react to various changes in patterns of cards (organized by shapes, colours, number, etc)

Question 22

PET scans for working memory

Answer 22

Six frontal lobe areas show sustained activity correlated with working memory.
Identity task
Location task

Question 23

Lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) and working memory

Answer 23

Cortical areas outside frontal lobe also involved in working memory

Involved in guiding eye movements
Stimulation causes saccades.
Demonstrated in delayed-saccade task in monkeys

Question 24

Peripheral working memory responses

Answer 24

specific areas of parietal and temporal cortex have analogous working memory responses

Question 25

Neocortex and declarative memory notable experiment

Answer 25

Lashley’s rat experiments:

Cortical lesions produce memory deficits.
Speculated all cortical areas contribute equally (equipotential)
Equipotential capacity later disproved
But memory engrams can be widely distributed in the brain

Question 26

Hebb and the Cell Assembly

Answer 26

Basis showing that external events are represented in cortical cells due to interconnection and reverberation

Question 27

Neuronal cell assembly

Answer 27

Simultaneously active neurons:

Consolidation by “growth process”
“Fire together, wire together”

Question 28

Hebb on the engram

Answer 28

Widely distributed among linked cells in the assembly

Could involve neurons involved in sensation and perception

Question 29

Medial Temporal Lobes

Answer 29

Important for consolidation and storage of declarative memories
Demonstrated by:

Electrical stimulation in the temporal lobe
Neural recordings from the temporal lobe