Chapter 2

Question 1

neurophilosophy

Answer 1

brain is the origin of mental abilities

Question 2

Glia

Answer 2

insulates, supports and nourishes neurons

Question 3

Neurons

Answer 3

process info, sense environmental changes, communicate changes to other neurons, command body response

Question 4

Histology

Answer 4

the study of tissue structure

stains

Question 5

Nissl Stain

Answer 5

facilitates the study of cytoarchitecture in the CNS

Question 6

golgi stain

Answer 6

shows two parts of neurons: 1. Soma & Perikaryon, 2. Neurites (axons and dendrites)

Question 7

Neurites

Answer 7

axons and dendrites

Question 8

Cajal’s contribution

Answer 8

Neuronal circuitry; neurons communicate by contact, not continuity.

Question 9

Neuron Doctrine

Answer 9

Neurons adhere to cell theory, based on the golgi stain

Question 10

(pr) Nucleus functions

Answer 10

gene expression, transcription, RNA processing

Question 11

(pr)Soma contents

Answer 11

cytosol: fluid inside cell
organelles: membrane-enclosed structures within the soma
cytoplasm: Contents within a cell membrane (organelles, but excluding nucleus)

Question 12

Soma functions

Answer 12

Major site of protein synthesis (ROUGH ER and on the free ribosomes)

Question 13

Smooth ER and Golgi aparatus

Answer 13

sites for preparing/storing proteins for delivery to different cell regions (trafficking) and regulating substances

Question 14

Mitochondrion

Answer 14

site of cellular respiration (using ATP)

Question 15

Neuronal Membrane

Answer 15

Barrier that encloses cytoplasm/protein concentration in membrane varies/structure of discrete membrane regions influences neuronal function

Question 16

Cytoskeleton

Answer 16

moving, internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane

Microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments

Question 17

tubulin

Answer 17

microtubule

Question 18

actin

Answer 18

microfilament

Question 19

Axon parts (3) and difference with it and soma

Answer 19

1. Axon hillock (beginning)
2. Axon proper (middle)
3. Axon terminal (end)

ER does not extend into axon, protein composition is unique

Question 20

axon collaterals

Answer 20

perpendicular branches off main axon

Question 21

Axon terminal

Answer 21

cytoplasmic differences b/w AT and Axon:

no microtubules, presence of synaptic vesicles, abundance of membrane proteins, large number of mitochondria

Question 22

Synapse

Answer 22

synaptic transmission; electrical to chemical to electric transformation

Question 23

dysfunction of synaptic transmission

Answer 23

is the basis for mental disorders

Question 24

Axoplasmic transport (2) and enzyme involved

Answer 24

1. anterograde (soma to terminal)
2. retrograde (terminal to soma)

Kinesin

Question 25

dendrites

Answer 25

antennae of neurons, dendritic trees common, synapse containing receptors

Question 26

dendritic spines

Answer 26

postsynaptic (receives signals from axon terminal)

Question 27

Classification based on # of neurites

Answer 27

1=unipolar
2=bipolar
more than 2=multipolar

Question 28

classification based on dendritic and somatic morphologies

Answer 28

stellate cells (star shaped)

Pyrimidal cells (pyrimidal)

spiny or aspinous

Question 29

classification based on connection within CNS

Answer 29

Primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

Question 30

axonal length classification basis

Answer 30

golgi type 1

golgi type 2

Question 31

Neurotransmitter classification basis

Answer 31

based on neurotransmitter at synapse

Question 32

Astrocytes

Answer 32

Glia/most numerous in brain/fills spaces between neurons/influence neurite growth/regulates chemical content of extracellular space

Question 33

myelinating glia (2)/purpose

Answer 33

insulate axons

1. Oligodendroglia (CNS)
2. Schwann Cells (PNS)

Question 34

oligondendroglial cells

Answer 34

node of ranvier containing (where membrane is exposed)

Question 35

Non neuronal glial cells

Answer 35

microglia (phagocytes for immune response)