Chapter 1

Question 1

first origins of brain being vital to life and the evidence of it

Answer 1

prehistoric ancestors: trepanation/skulls showing signs of healing

Question 2

First known “HEART is the seat of the soul and memory”

Answer 2

Ancient Egypt

Question 3

Clung to the heart centre/brain is radiator that cools the blood/tempered the seething heart

Answer 3

Aristotle’s view of the brain

Question 4

View of the brain: hippocrates

Answer 4

correlation between structure and function/brain involved in sensation/brain is the seat of intelligence

Question 5

Roman empire’s view of the brain

Answer 5

Galen: cerebrum, cerebellum, ventricles; which had 4 humour balance in the hollow ventricles

Question 6

The renaissance view of the brain

Answer 6

Fluid mechanical theory of the brain’s function/philosophical mind-brain problem/descartes/fluids control movement by route of pineal gland

Question 7

renaissance->17th and 18th centuries->19th century

Answer 7

discovery of white and grey matter; gyri, sulci and fissures

Question 8

19th century

Answer 8

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, nerves as wires, electrical and can generate electricity

Question 9

CNS-Brain+SC

Answer 9

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem—>Spinal cord

Question 10

Bell and Magendie

Answer 10

Dorsal (incoming) and ventral roots (outgoing), 19th century

Question 11

Pioneers of localization of function in the brain

Answer 11

Charles Bell

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens

Franz Joseph Gall

Question 12

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens:

Answer 12

Experimental ablation method (systematically destroying a part of brain to observe what it affects.

Question 13

Charles Bell

Answer 13

Cerebellum (origin of motor fibers)

Cerebrum (destination of sensory fibres)

Question 14

Franz Joseph Gall

Answer 14

Phrenology: bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits/

Question 15

Paul Broca

Answer 15

Broca region: the speech area (prefrontal cortex)

Question 16

Nervous system evolution

Answer 16

natural selection (darwin), nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms from common ancestors.

Question 17

Reductionist approach

Answer 17

1. Molecular
2. Cellular
3. Systems
4. Behavioural
5. Cognitive

Question 18

Clinical (medical) neuroscience

Answer 18

Neurologist, psychiatrist, neurosurgeon, neuropathologist

Question 19

Experimental neuroscience

Answer 19

computational neuroscience

developmental neurobiologist

molecular neurobiologist
neuroanatomist
neurochemist
neuroethologist
neuropharmacologist
neurophysiologist
psychophysicist
physiological psychologists

Question 20

Scientific process

Answer 20

1. Observation
2. Replication
3. Interpretation
4. Verification

Question 21

Animals in neuroscience research/

Answer 21

Renewable resources

the more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans

Question 22

3 moral responsibilities/governing body

Answer 22

1. ensure that experiments are worthwhile and well planned
2. Eliminate or minimize pain and distress to animal
3. All possible alternatives must be considered first