Memory (Chap 8) Flashcards
Define Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fil-in-the-blank test.
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
explain encoding?
the processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning.
Storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory
Sensory memory
the immideate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
What is short-term memory?
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits od a phone number while dialing, befor the information os stored and forgotten.
What is long-term memory?
the relative permanent memory and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience.
Explain working memory?
a newer understanding of short-term emory that focuses on conscious, active processing of information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (aka declarative memory)
Effortful prossesing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconsious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information such as word meaning.
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection (aka nondeclarative memory)
What two new components updated the Classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-prosessing model?
1) some memories are formed outside awareness (implicit memory) by automatic prosessing
2) the concept of working memory: takes place in their “short term” categori.
young adults have more _________ than younger and older people?
working memory
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and aord can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
chuncking
organizing items into familiar, managble units; often occurs automaticly
mNemoics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
sensory memory
What parts of the brain is involved in explicit memory making?
1) the hippocampus - a neural center located in the limbic system (left-hippocampus damage = trouble remembering verbal information but NOT visual and locations; right-hippocampus damage = virsa versa)
2) The frontal lobes - recieve inputs from working memory. (recalling a password and holding it in working memory is in LEFT frontal lobes; visual scenes in the RIGHT frontal lobe)
What parts of the brain is involved in implicit memory system?
1) the Cerebellum - forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning
2) basal ganglia - eg. motor movement - receive input from the cortex but do not send back (eg. riding a bike)
reasons for childhood amnesia
1) much explicit memory are indexed using words that nonspeaking childen have not learned
2) The hippocampus is one of the last brainstructures to mature.
Flasbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
LTP (Long-term potentiation)
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning memory
Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
the amygdala (emotions.)
Priming
the activation often unconsiously of particular associations in memory (eg. s-h-o-p…. green light?)
mood-congurent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s past
Describe Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve
the course of forgetting is intially rapid, then levels off with time
Proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new infromation
Retroactive iterference
the disruptive effects of new learning on the recall of old information
repression
det der med freud og defendmechanism
What are the three ways to forget?
1) encoding failure - information never enter our memory
2) storage decay - information fades from our memory
3) retrival failure - retrieved information not accesable
Misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
Source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experinced, heard abut, read about, or imagined. (aka source misattribution) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
déjá vu
that eerie sense that “ive experienced this befor”. cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
