Memory (Chap 8)

Question 1

Define Memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fil-in-the-blank test.

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

explain encoding?

Answer 5

the processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning.

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

the retention of encoded information over time

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

the process of getting information out of memory

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

the immideate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 9

What is short-term memory?

Answer 9

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits od a phone number while dialing, befor the information os stored and forgotten.

Question 10

What is long-term memory?

Answer 10

the relative permanent memory and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experience.

Question 11

Explain working memory?

Answer 11

a newer understanding of short-term emory that focuses on conscious, active processing of information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Question 12

Explicit memory

Answer 12

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (aka declarative memory)

Question 13

Effortful prossesing

Answer 13

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 14

automatic processing

Answer 14

unconsious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information such as word meaning.

Question 15

implicit memory

Answer 15

retention independent of conscious recollection (aka nondeclarative memory)

Question 16

What two new components updated the Classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-prosessing model?

Answer 16

1) some memories are formed outside awareness (implicit memory) by automatic prosessing
2) the concept of working memory: takes place in their “short term” categori.

Question 17

young adults have more _________ than younger and older people?

Answer 17

working memory

Question 18

iconic memory

Answer 18

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 19

echoic memory

Answer 19

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and aord can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 20

chuncking

Answer 20

organizing items into familiar, managble units; often occurs automaticly

Question 21

mNemoics

Answer 21

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 22

spacing effect

Answer 22

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 23

testing effect

Answer 23

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Question 24

shallow processing

Answer 24

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 25

deep processing

Answer 25

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Question 26

At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?

Answer 26

sensory memory

Question 27

What parts of the brain is involved in explicit memory making?

Answer 27

1) the hippocampus - a neural center located in the limbic system (left-hippocampus damage = trouble remembering verbal information but NOT visual and locations; right-hippocampus damage = virsa versa)
2) The frontal lobes - recieve inputs from working memory. (recalling a password and holding it in working memory is in LEFT frontal lobes; visual scenes in the RIGHT frontal lobe)

Question 28

What parts of the brain is involved in implicit memory system?

Answer 28

1) the Cerebellum - forming and storing implicit memories created by classical conditioning
2) basal ganglia - eg. motor movement - receive input from the cortex but do not send back (eg. riding a bike)

Question 29

reasons for childhood amnesia

Answer 29

1) much explicit memory are indexed using words that nonspeaking childen have not learned
2) The hippocampus is one of the last brainstructures to mature.

Question 30

Flasbulb memory

Answer 30

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 31

LTP (Long-term potentiation)

Answer 31

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning memory

Question 32

Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?

Answer 32

the amygdala (emotions.)

Question 33

Priming

Answer 33

the activation often unconsiously of particular associations in memory (eg. s-h-o-p…. green light?)

Question 34

mood-congurent memory

Answer 34

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Question 35

serial position effect

Answer 35

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 36

anterograde amnesia

Answer 36

an inability to form new memories

Question 37

retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Question 38

Describe Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve

Answer 38

the course of forgetting is intially rapid, then levels off with time

Question 39

Proactive interference

Answer 39

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new infromation

Question 40

Retroactive iterference

Answer 40

the disruptive effects of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 41

repression

Answer 41

det der med freud og defendmechanism

Question 42

What are the three ways to forget?

Answer 42

1) encoding failure - information never enter our memory
2) storage decay - information fades from our memory
3) retrival failure - retrieved information not accesable

Question 43

Misinformation effect

Answer 43

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Question 44

Source amnesia

Answer 44

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experinced, heard abut, read about, or imagined. (aka source misattribution) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Question 45

déjá vu

Answer 45

that eerie sense that “ive experienced this befor”. cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.