Learning (chap 7) Flashcards
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
cognetive learning
the acquisition of metal information, whether by observing events, by watching others or through language.
How long does it take for something to become a habit
according to one study approx 66 days.
Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
behaviorism
the view that psychology 1) should be an objective sience that 2) studies behavior without references to mental process. Most research psychologists today agree with 1) but not 2)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response befor conditioning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
Explain Pavlovs experiment..
Dog, stimuli, conditioning, salivation….(foundation for Watsons behaviroristic work)
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
higher-order conditioning (or second-order conditioning)
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might learn that a light predicts the tone and begin response to the light alone.
extinction
the diminishning of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
The first step of classical conditioning when an NS becomes a CS is called…
acquisition
When the US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened this is…
extinction
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
What is a Skinner box?
rat, barpresser, reward
Operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened in followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likey, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event the strengthens the behavior it follows
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Positive reinforcement
increased behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (not same as punishment)
primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
conditioned reinforcers
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will reinforce.
continous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continous reinforcement.
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (stempelkort)
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. (fiskning)
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified time has elapsed (post)
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (facebook)
Punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
cognetive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s enviroment eg. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognetive map.
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so….
Prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposit of antisocial behavior.
