Learning (chap 7)

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

Question 2

stimulus

Answer 2

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 3

cognetive learning

Answer 3

the acquisition of metal information, whether by observing events, by watching others or through language.

Question 4

How long does it take for something to become a habit

Answer 4

according to one study approx 66 days.

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 6

behaviorism

Answer 6

the view that psychology 1) should be an objective sience that 2) studies behavior without references to mental process. Most research psychologists today agree with 1) but not 2)

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response befor conditioning.

Question 8

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 8

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

Question 9

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 9

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)

Question 10

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 10

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

Question 11

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 11

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

Question 12

Explain Pavlovs experiment..

Answer 12

Dog, stimuli, conditioning, salivation….(foundation for Watsons behaviroristic work)

Question 13

acquisition

Answer 13

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Question 14

higher-order conditioning (or second-order conditioning)

Answer 14

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might learn that a light predicts the tone and begin response to the light alone.

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

the diminishning of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 17

The first step of classical conditioning when an NS becomes a CS is called…

Answer 17

acquisition

Question 18

When the US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened this is…

Answer 18

extinction

Question 19

generalization

Answer 19

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 21

What is a Skinner box?

Answer 21

rat, barpresser, reward

Question 22

Operant conditioning

Answer 22

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened in followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Question 23

law of effect

Answer 23

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likey, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Question 24

reinforcement

Answer 24

in operant conditioning, any event the strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 25

shaping

Answer 25

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Question 26

Positive reinforcement

Answer 26

increased behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Question 27

Negative reinforcement

Answer 27

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (not same as punishment)

Question 28

primary reinforcers

Answer 28

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Question 29

conditioned reinforcers

Answer 29

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

Question 30

reinforcement schedule

Answer 30

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will reinforce.

Question 31

continous reinforcement

Answer 31

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Question 32

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 32

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continous reinforcement.

Question 33

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 33

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (stempelkort)

Question 34

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 34

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. (fiskning)

Question 35

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 35

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified time has elapsed (post)

Question 36

variable-interval schedule

Answer 36

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (facebook)

Question 37

Punishment

Answer 37

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Question 38

Respondent behavior

Answer 38

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Question 39

Operant behavior

Answer 39

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

Question 40

cognetive map

Answer 40

a mental representation of the layout of one’s enviroment eg. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognetive map.

Question 41

latent learning

Answer 41

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Question 42

intrinsic motivation

Answer 42

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Question 43

extrinsic motivation

Answer 43

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

Question 44

modeling

Answer 44

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Question 45

mirror neurons

Answer 45

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so….

Question 46

Prosocial behavior

Answer 46

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposit of antisocial behavior.