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PSY 1101 > Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind (chap 3) > Flashcards

Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind (chap 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Conciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our enviroment

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2
Q

Cognetive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)

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3
Q

Dual prosessing

A

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks-

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4
Q

blindsight

A

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

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5
Q

What are the minds two tracks and what is “dual processing”?

A

Our mind has separate conscious and unconscious tracks that perform dual processing - organizing and interpreting information simultaneously.

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6
Q

Selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. (remember cocktail party effect)

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7
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elewere

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8
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment.

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9
Q

choise blindness

A

jam-pereference example

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10
Q

Cicadian rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

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11
Q

Body temperature during Cicadian rhythm?

A

rises in the morning, peaks during the day, dips during early efternoon, drops in evening.

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12
Q

How long is sleep cycle?

A

90 min

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13
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep (approx 10 minutes) : a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

often emotional, usually storylike, and richly hallucinatory dreams.

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14
Q

alpha waves

A

the relative slow brainwaves of a relaxed, awake stage. (8-12 cycles/sec)

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15
Q

hallucination

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

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16
Q

Delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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17
Q

Describe NREM-1

A

fantastic immages resembeling hallucinations. sensation of falling or floating. These hypnagogic sensations may later be incorporated into your memories. slow breathing & less regular EEG pattern. Theta Waves: reduced amplitude wawes. Transition to sleep.

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18
Q

Describe NREM-2

A

approx 20 minutes. Periodic sleep spindles (burst of rapid brain-wave activity). can be awakned without to much difficulty.

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19
Q

Describe NREM-3 + NREM-4

A

approx 30 minutes. Deep sleep. Slow.wave sleep, delta waves (1-2 HZ). Hard to awaken. Stage 4 has more large slow delta waves than stage 3.

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20
Q

How many will remember drem if woken in REM?

A

80%

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21
Q

What are the four sleep stages, and in what order do we normally travle through those stages?

A

In order: NREM-1, then NREM-2, then NREM-3, NREM-4 then back up through NREM-2 befor we experience REM.

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22
Q

During night…

A

less NREM-3/4 more NREM-2 and REM

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23
Q

How is the sleeping brain affeted by light?

A

light activates light-sensetive retinal proteins. These proteins control the circadian clock by triggering signals to the brains supraehiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (a 10.000 cell clusters in the hypothalamus). The SCN causes the brains pineal glads to decrease its production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin in the morning and increases it in the evening.

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24
Q

What five theories explains our need for sleep?

A

1) has survival value (not getting hurt in the dark - very evolutionary explanation)
2) helps us restore and repair brain tissue
3) consolidate mamory traces
4) fuels creativity
5) playes a role in growth prossess.

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25
Q

Insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. (sleeping pill not a good idea)

26
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The suffer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

27
Q

How can not sleeping make you fat?

A

Sleep deprevation increases ghrelin, a hunger-arousing hormone, and decreases its hunger-surpressing partner, leptin. and increases cortisol, a stress hormone that stimulate the body to make fat.

28
Q

Sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cesations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Associated with:

- snoring (to get air)
- high blood pressure
- being overweight
- older males
- affects 1-2% of population
29
Q

Night terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3/4, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remmebered.

  • Sudden awakening in state of panic
  • Little recall
  • associated with early stage 4 sleep
  • Mostly in children
30
Q

Narcolepsy is a genetic diesease. The relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces…

A

orexin (neurotransmitter linked to alertness)

31
Q

sleepwalking occur for about 1/3 of those with a sleepwalking fraternal twin and…

A

half of those with a sleepwalking identical twin.

32
Q

What happens in the brain during REM sleep:

A

increased activity in the emotion-related limbic system (the amygdala). in contrast frontal lobes (inhibition and logic thinking) are low, which can explaine why are dreams are less inhibited then when we are awake.

33
Q

Manifest content

A

according to Freuds, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

34
Q

Latent content

A

according to Freuds, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

35
Q

5 reasons as to why we dream:

A

1) to satisfy own wishes (Freud)
2) information prosessing > to file away memories, sort days events
3) develop and preserve neural pathways (psyological)
4) To make sense of neural static.
5) to reflect cognitive development (and brain maturation and reflects the dreamers development stage)

36
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakening during REM sleep)

37
Q

hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subjct) that certain perceptions, felings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

38
Q

Posthypnotic suggestion

A

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. (eg helped headaces, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders)

39
Q

When is the use of hyponosis potentally harmfull and when helpfull.

A

harmfull if used to “hypnotically refresh” memories, which may plant false memories. Helpfull: to allivate some ailments, and hypnosis can also help control pain.

40
Q

dissociation

A

a split in conciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviours to accour simutaneously with others. (kind of lige selective attention..)

41
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.

42
Q

withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use od an addictive drug.

43
Q

psychological dependence

A

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.

44
Q

depressants

A

drugs (such as alcohol barbiturates, and opiates) that redusce neural activity and slow body function.

45
Q

barbiturates

A

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement.

46
Q

opiates

A

opium that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

47
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body function.

48
Q

amphetamines

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speed-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

49
Q

nicotine

A

a stimulating anf highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

50
Q

methamphetamine

A

a powerfully addicitive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

51
Q

Ecstacy (MDMA)

A

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term helth risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognetion.

52
Q

hallucinogens

A

psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (hallucinogen, relaxation, euphoric high)

53
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

54
Q

THC

A

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations. THC binds to cannabinod receptors (numerous in hippocampus which is involved in formation involved in formation of new memories).

55
Q

diagnose dependense..

A

3 or more of the required statements

56
Q

What are the 3 major categories of psychoactive drugs?

A

depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens

57
Q

Cocaine debletes (nedbryder) the brains supply of the neurotransmitters…

A

dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. which creates a rush of euphoria.

58
Q

How does Marijuana differ from alcohol in tolerance?

A

repeated used need smaller dose.

59
Q

Fantasy-prone personalities

A

people who fantasize about 50% of the time (only about 4% of the population)

60
Q

31% of all drivers have …

A

… fallen asleep at the wheel at least once.

61
Q

PCP

A
  • synthetic drug
  • First used as general anesthetic
  • Produces:
    • agination
    • Hallucations
    • Psychotic-like states resembling schizophrenia
  • PSP is used to sulterate Marijuana

PSY 1101 (7 decks)

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