Memory and Sleep

Question 1

Brain area involved in consolidation of long-term declarative memories and spatial working memory

Answer 1

Hippocampus

Question 2

Brain areas essential for procedural memories and other implicit memories

Answer 2

Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Supplementary Motor Area

Question 3

Area responsible for attaching emotions to memories

Answer 3

Amygdala

Question 4

Area essential for working memory aspect of short-term memory and prospective memory

Answer 4

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 5

Areas whose damage can cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 5

Thalamus and Mammillary Bodies

Question 6

Type of memory spared in H.M. after surgery

Answer 6

Short-term memory and procedural memory

Question 7

Types of memory impaired in H.M. after surgery

Answer 7

Remote long-term episodic memory
Unable to transfer new declarative info from short-term to long-term memory

Question 8

Type of prospective memory more affected by prefrontal cortex lesions

Answer 8

Event-based prospective memory

Question 9

Brain areas removed in patient H.M.’s surgery

Answer 9

Bilateral hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal lobe

Question 10

Types of memory intact in H.M. after surgery

Answer 10

Short-term memory and procedural memory

Question 11

Types of long-term memory impaired in H.M.

Answer 11

Remote episodic memory
Unable to transfer new declarative info from short-term to long-term

Question 12

Role of hippocampus demonstrated by H.M. case

Answer 12

Important for consolidation of long-term declarative memories and spatial working memory

Question 13

Brain areas essential for procedural and implicit memories

Answer 13

Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Supplementary Motor Area

Question 14

Deficit seen with damage to basal ganglia, cerebellum, supplementary motor area

Answer 14

Trouble learning new skills and performing previously learned skills

Question 15

Role of the amygdala in memory

Answer 15

Attaching emotions to memories

Question 16

Finding about people with amygdala damage

Answer 16

Same level of recall for emotional and non-emotional experiences

Question 17

Brain area essential for working memory aspect of short-term memory

Answer 17

Prefrontal cortex

Question 18

Type of prospective memory more affected by prefrontal lesions

Answer 18

Event-based prospective memory

Question 19

Brain areas whose damage can cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

Thalamus and mammillary bodies

Question 20

Subjects used to study neural mechanisms of learning/memory initially

Answer 20

Sea slugs (Aplysia)

Question 21

Effect of classical conditioning on short-term storage

Answer 21

Increase in release of neurotransmitter serotonin

Question 22

Effect of classical conditioning on long-term storage

Answer 22

Development of new synapses and changes in neuron structure

Question 23

Term for phenomenon involving synaptic changes with long-term memory

Answer 23

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 24

Areas where LTP was observed

Answer 24

Hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

Question 25

Required for formation of long-term memories

Answer 25

Synthesis of RNA and proteins

Question 26

Effect of inhibiting RNA synthesis around training

Answer 26

Prevents formation of long-term but not short-term memories

For example, studies have found that administering a drug that inhibits RNA synthesis around the time of training prevents the formation of long-term (but not short-term) memories.

Question 27

Stage 1 sleep

Answer 27

Transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep, low frequency theta waves replace alpha waves

Question 28

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 28

Theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles and K-complexes

Question 29

Stage 3 sleep

Answer 29

Low frequency, high amplitude delta waves begin

Question 30

Stage 4 sleep

Answer 30

Higher amplitude delta waves, referred to as slow-wave/deep sleep

Question 31

REM sleep

Answer 31

Similar EEG to Stage 1, active brain but paralyzed muscles, vivid dreams

Question 32

Sleep in newborn infants

Answer 32

Sleep longer, more active/REM sleep, active sleep precedes quiet sleep

Question 33

Sleep changes from infancy to adulthood

Answer 33

Total sleep decreases from 14-16 hrs to 8 hrs

Question 34

Sleep changes in older adults

Answer 34

Less deep/Stage 4 sleep, more nighttime awakenings, advanced sleep phase

Question 35

Event-based prospective memory

Answer 35

involves remembering to perform an intended action when the memory is triggered by an external cue – e.g., remembering to give your co-worker a message when you see her.

Question 36

Time-based prospective memory

Answer 36

involves remembering to perform an intended action at a certain time without an external cue – e.g., remembering to take a cake out of the oven in 30 minutes.)