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Psych > Brain Regions- Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Brain Regions- Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main structures of the frontal lobe?

A

Broca’s area, prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex

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2
Q

What is Broca’s area involved in?

A

Language production

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3
Q

What kind of aphasia results from damage to Broca’s area?

A

Broca’s aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)

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4
Q

What causes Broca’s aphasia?

A

Damage to Broca’s area. Characterized by nonfluent speech, impaired repetition, anomia.

but their comprehension of written and spoken language is relatively intact.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Executive functions, working memory, emotion regulation

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6
Q

What are the three main prefrontal cortex regions?

A

Dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, ventromedial

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7
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Planning complex self-initiated movements

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8
Q

What is the role of the premotor cortex?

A

Planning movements triggered by sensory stimuli

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9
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

Executing movements by signaling muscles

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10
Q

What are executive functions controlled by the prefrontal cortex?

A

Planning, decision-making, judgment, self-monitoring

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11
Q

What other cognitive functions involve the prefrontal cortex?

A

Working memory, prospective memory, emotion regulation

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12
Q

What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Involved in executive functions. Damage causes issues with planning, working memory, perseveration.

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13
Q

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Involved in emotion regulation and social behavior. Damage causes disinhibited behavior.

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14
Q

What is the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

A

Involved in decision-making, social cognition, emotion regulation. Damage impairs judgment, empathy.

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15
Q

What does damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex cause?

A

Impaired planning, judgment, working memory. Concrete thinking.

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16
Q

What does damage to the orbitofrontal cortex cause?

A

Poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, aggressive behavior.

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17
Q

What does damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex cause?

A

Impaired decision-making, moral judgment. Reduced empathy, confabulation.

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18
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Planning and coordinating complex self-initiated movements.

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19
Q

When is the supplementary motor cortex active?

A

During movement, imagined movement, and observing others’ movements.

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20
Q

What does somatotopic organization mean?

A

Different body parts are controlled by specific cortical areas.

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21
Q

How is the supplementary motor cortex organized?

A

It is somatotopically organized like the premotor and primary motor cortices.

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22
Q

What types of movements involve the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Complex, self-initiated movements.

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23
Q

What makes the supplementary motor cortex different from the premotor cortex?

A

It plans self-initiated rather than sensory-triggered movements.

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24
Q

What is the role of the premotor cortex?

A

Planning and coordinating complex movements triggered by sensory stimuli.

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25
Q

How are movements involving the premotor cortex initiated?

A

They are triggered by external sensory stimuli.

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26
Q

When is the premotor cortex active?

A

During movement, imagined movement, and observing others’ movements.

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27
Q

How is the premotor cortex similar to the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Both are active even when just imagining or observing movements.

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28
Q

How does the premotor cortex differ from the supplementary motor cortex?

A

The premotor cortex responds to sensory stimuli, while the supplementary cortex plans self-initiated movements.

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29
Q

What makes the premotor cortex different from the primary motor cortex?

A

The premotor cortex plans movements, while the primary motor cortex executes them.

30
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

Executes movements by signaling the muscles.

31
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex receive signals from?

A

The supplementary motor and premotor cortices.

32
Q

What is the effect of damage to the primary motor cortex?

A

Weakness or paralysis in the contralateral side of the body.

33
Q

How does the primary motor cortex differ from the premotor and supplementary motor cortices?

A

It executes movements rather than planning them.

34
Q

Does the primary motor cortex plan movements?

A

No, it only executes planned movements by signaling muscles.

35
Q

What two main structures are found in the temporal lobe?

A

The auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area.

36
Q

What is the function of the auditory cortex?

A

Processing sound.

37
Q

What are three potential symptoms of damage to the auditory cortex?

A

1) Auditory agnosia, 2) Auditory hallucinations, 3) Cortical deafness.

38
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

A major language area located in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere.

39
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

A disorder caused by damage to Wernicke’s area, also known as receptive aphasia and fluent aphasia.

40
Q

What are the main symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

1) Impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, 2) Impaired repetition, 3) Anomia (difficulty naming objects), 4) Fluent but meaningless speech with word substitutions and errors.

41
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

A neural pathway that connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area.

42
Q

What happens if the arcuate fasciculus is damaged?

A

It causes conduction aphasia, characterized by intact comprehension, fluent but error-filled speech, impaired repetition, and anomia.

43
Q

What area of the brain processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position?

A

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.

44
Q

What are some potential disorders caused by damage to the somatosensory cortex?

A

Somatosensory agnosias, including tactile agnosia, asomatognosia, and anosognosia.

45
Q

What is tactile agnosia?

A

An inability to recognize objects by touch.

46
Q

What is asomatognosia?

A

A lack of interest in or recognition of one or more parts of one’s own body.

47
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

Denial of one’s illness.

48
Q

What disorder can damage to the parietal lobe cause that involves neglecting one side of the body and external stimuli?

A

Hemispatial neglect (also called unilateral neglect or contralateral neglect).

49
Q

Which parietal lobe (right or left) is hemispatial neglect usually associated with damage to?

A

Right (non-dominant) parietal lobe.

50
Q

What three disorders are usually caused by damage to the left (dominant) parietal lobe?

A

Ideomotor apraxia, ideational apraxia, and Gerstmann’s syndrome.

51
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

An inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command (e.g. “pretend to comb your hair”).

52
Q

What is ideational apraxia?

A

An inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions (e.g. making a sandwich).

53
Q

What are the four main symptoms of Gerstmann’s syndrome?

A

1) Finger agnosia 2) Right-left disorientation 3) Agraphia (loss of writing skills) 4) Acalculia (loss of arithmetic skills)

54
Q

What area of the brain processes visual information?

A

The visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

55
Q

What are some potential disorders caused by damage to the visual cortex?

A

Visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, achromatopsia (loss of color vision), or cortical blindness.

56
Q

What is cortical blindness?

A

Blindness that occurs when the primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optic nerves are intact.

57
Q

If the visual cortex in only the left hemisphere is damaged, which visual field is affected?

A

The right visual field

58
Q

What is blindsight?

A

When an individual with cortical blindness does not consciously see a visual stimulus but has appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to it.

59
Q

What is affective blindsight?

A

When blindsight involves responding appropriately to an emotional visual stimulus without consciously seeing the stimulus (e.g. guessing if a face looks angry or happy).

60
Q

What area of the brain, if damaged bilaterally, can cause prosopagnosia?

A

The occipitotemporal junction.

61
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

An inability to recognize the faces of familiar people, one’s own face, and sometimes the faces of pets and other familiar animals.

62
Q

For what percentage of right-handed people are written/spoken language, logical thinking, and positive emotions left hemisphere functions?

A

About 95%

63
Q

For what percentage of left-handed people are written/spoken language, logical thinking, and positive emotions left hemisphere functions?

A

50-70%

64
Q

What are some examples of right hemisphere functions?

A

Holistic thinking, intuition, understanding spatial relationships, creativity, negative emotions

65
Q

What is the hemisphere that is dominant for language called?

A

The dominant hemisphere (usually the left hemisphere)

66
Q

What is the other, non-language dominant hemisphere called?

A

The non-dominant hemisphere

67
Q

Which hemisphere controls the right side of the body?

A

The left hemisphere

68
Q

What is an exception to the crossed control of sensory/motor functions between hemispheres?

A

Smell - odors entering the left nostril go to the left hemisphere, and vice versa

69
Q

What patient population provided initial insights into brain lateralization?

A

Split-brain patients whose corpus callosums were surgically severed

70
Q

If a visual stimulus is presented to the right visual field of a split-brain patient, which hand can they use to identify it by touch?

A

The right hand

71
Q

What technique is used to study speech lateralization that involves presenting different words simultaneously to each ear?

A

The dichotic listening task

72
Q

For most right-handed people, which ear’s input do they tend to repeat in the dichotic listening task, indicating left hemisphere language dominance?

A

The right ear

Psych (7 decks)

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