Brain Regions- Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

What are the main structures of the frontal lobe?

Answer 1

Broca’s area, prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex

Question 2

What is Broca’s area involved in?

Answer 2

Language production

Question 3

What kind of aphasia results from damage to Broca’s area?

Answer 3

Broca’s aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)

Question 4

What causes Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 4

Damage to Broca’s area. Characterized by nonfluent speech, impaired repetition, anomia.

but their comprehension of written and spoken language is relatively intact.

Question 5

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 5

Executive functions, working memory, emotion regulation

Question 6

What are the three main prefrontal cortex regions?

Answer 6

Dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, ventromedial

Question 7

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 7

Planning complex self-initiated movements

Question 8

What is the role of the premotor cortex?

Answer 8

Planning movements triggered by sensory stimuli

Question 9

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 9

Executing movements by signaling muscles

Question 10

What are executive functions controlled by the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 10

Planning, decision-making, judgment, self-monitoring

Question 11

What other cognitive functions involve the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 11

Working memory, prospective memory, emotion regulation

Question 12

What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 12

Involved in executive functions. Damage causes issues with planning, working memory, perseveration.

Question 13

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex?

Answer 13

Involved in emotion regulation and social behavior. Damage causes disinhibited behavior.

Question 14

What is the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

Answer 14

Involved in decision-making, social cognition, emotion regulation. Damage impairs judgment, empathy.

Question 15

What does damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex cause?

Answer 15

Impaired planning, judgment, working memory. Concrete thinking.

Question 16

What does damage to the orbitofrontal cortex cause?

Answer 16

Poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, aggressive behavior.

Question 17

What does damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex cause?

Answer 17

Impaired decision-making, moral judgment. Reduced empathy, confabulation.

Question 18

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 18

Planning and coordinating complex self-initiated movements.

Question 19

When is the supplementary motor cortex active?

Answer 19

During movement, imagined movement, and observing others’ movements.

Question 20

What does somatotopic organization mean?

Answer 20

Different body parts are controlled by specific cortical areas.

Question 21

How is the supplementary motor cortex organized?

Answer 21

It is somatotopically organized like the premotor and primary motor cortices.

Question 22

What types of movements involve the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 22

Complex, self-initiated movements.

Question 23

What makes the supplementary motor cortex different from the premotor cortex?

Answer 23

It plans self-initiated rather than sensory-triggered movements.

Question 24

What is the role of the premotor cortex?

Answer 24

Planning and coordinating complex movements triggered by sensory stimuli.

Question 25

How are movements involving the premotor cortex initiated?

Answer 25

They are triggered by external sensory stimuli.

Question 26

When is the premotor cortex active?

Answer 26

During movement, imagined movement, and observing others' movements.

Question 27

How is the premotor cortex similar to the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 27

Both are active even when just imagining or observing movements.

Question 28

How does the premotor cortex differ from the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 28

The premotor cortex responds to sensory stimuli, while the supplementary cortex plans self-initiated movements.

Question 29

What makes the premotor cortex different from the primary motor cortex?

Answer 29

The premotor cortex plans movements, while the primary motor cortex executes them.

Question 30

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 30

Executes movements by signaling the muscles.

Question 31

Where does the primary motor cortex receive signals from?

Answer 31

The supplementary motor and premotor cortices.

Question 32

What is the effect of damage to the primary motor cortex?

Answer 32

Weakness or paralysis in the contralateral side of the body.

Question 33

How does the primary motor cortex differ from the premotor and supplementary motor cortices?

Answer 33

It executes movements rather than planning them.

Question 34

Does the primary motor cortex plan movements?

Answer 34

No, it only executes planned movements by signaling muscles.

Question 35

What two main structures are found in the temporal lobe?

Answer 35

The auditory cortex and Wernicke's area.

Question 36

What is the function of the auditory cortex?

Answer 36

Processing sound.

Question 37

What are three potential symptoms of damage to the auditory cortex?

Answer 37

1) Auditory agnosia, 2) Auditory hallucinations, 3) Cortical deafness.

Question 38

What is Wernicke's area?

Answer 38

A major language area located in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere.

Question 39

What is Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 39

A disorder caused by damage to Wernicke's area, also known as receptive aphasia and fluent aphasia.

Question 40

What are the main symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 40

1) Impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, 2) Impaired repetition, 3) Anomia (difficulty naming objects), 4) Fluent but meaningless speech with word substitutions and errors.

Question 41

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

Answer 41

A neural pathway that connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area.

Question 42

What happens if the arcuate fasciculus is damaged?

Answer 42

It causes conduction aphasia, characterized by intact comprehension, fluent but error-filled speech, impaired repetition, and anomia.

Question 43

What area of the brain processes sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and body position?

Answer 43

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.

Question 44

What are some potential disorders caused by damage to the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 44

Somatosensory agnosias, including tactile agnosia, asomatognosia, and anosognosia.

Question 45

What is tactile agnosia?

Answer 45

An inability to recognize objects by touch.

Question 46

What is asomatognosia?

Answer 46

A lack of interest in or recognition of one or more parts of one's own body.

Question 47

What is anosognosia?

Answer 47

Denial of one's illness.

Question 48

What disorder can damage to the parietal lobe cause that involves neglecting one side of the body and external stimuli?

Answer 48

Hemispatial neglect (also called unilateral neglect or contralateral neglect).

Question 49

Which parietal lobe (right or left) is hemispatial neglect usually associated with damage to?

Answer 49

Right (non-dominant) parietal lobe.

Question 50

What three disorders are usually caused by damage to the left (dominant) parietal lobe?

Answer 50

Ideomotor apraxia, ideational apraxia, and Gerstmann's syndrome.

Question 51

What is ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 51

An inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command (e.g. "pretend to comb your hair").

Question 52

What is ideational apraxia?

Answer 52

An inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions (e.g. making a sandwich).

Question 53

What are the four main symptoms of Gerstmann's syndrome?

Answer 53

1) Finger agnosia 2) Right-left disorientation 3) Agraphia (loss of writing skills) 4) Acalculia (loss of arithmetic skills)

Question 54

What area of the brain processes visual information?

Answer 54

The visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Question 55

What are some potential disorders caused by damage to the visual cortex?

Answer 55

Visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, achromatopsia (loss of color vision), or cortical blindness.

Question 56

What is cortical blindness?

Answer 56

Blindness that occurs when the primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optic nerves are intact.

Question 57

If the visual cortex in only the left hemisphere is damaged, which visual field is affected?

Answer 57

The right visual field

Question 58

What is blindsight?

Answer 58

When an individual with cortical blindness does not consciously see a visual stimulus but has appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to it.

Question 59

What is affective blindsight?

Answer 59

When blindsight involves responding appropriately to an emotional visual stimulus without consciously seeing the stimulus (e.g. guessing if a face looks angry or happy).

Question 60

What area of the brain, if damaged bilaterally, can cause prosopagnosia?

Answer 60

The occipitotemporal junction.

Question 61

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 61

An inability to recognize the faces of familiar people, one's own face, and sometimes the faces of pets and other familiar animals.

Question 62

For what percentage of right-handed people are written/spoken language, logical thinking, and positive emotions left hemisphere functions?

Answer 62

About 95%

Question 63

For what percentage of left-handed people are written/spoken language, logical thinking, and positive emotions left hemisphere functions?

Answer 63

50-70%

Question 64

What are some examples of right hemisphere functions?

Answer 64

Holistic thinking, intuition, understanding spatial relationships, creativity, negative emotions

Question 65

What is the hemisphere that is dominant for language called?

Answer 65

The dominant hemisphere (usually the left hemisphere)

Question 66

What is the other, non-language dominant hemisphere called?

Answer 66

The non-dominant hemisphere

Question 67

Which hemisphere controls the right side of the body?

Answer 67

The left hemisphere

Question 68

What is an exception to the crossed control of sensory/motor functions between hemispheres?

Answer 68

Smell - odors entering the left nostril go to the left hemisphere, and vice versa

Question 69

What patient population provided initial insights into brain lateralization?

Answer 69

Split-brain patients whose corpus callosums were surgically severed

Question 70

If a visual stimulus is presented to the right visual field of a split-brain patient, which hand can they use to identify it by touch?

Answer 70

The right hand

Question 71

What technique is used to study speech lateralization that involves presenting different words simultaneously to each ear?

Answer 71

The dichotic listening task

Question 72

For most right-handed people, which ear's input do they tend to repeat in the dichotic listening task, indicating left hemisphere language dominance?

Answer 72

The right ear