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Psych > Hindbrain, Midbrain, Subcortical FOrebrain Structures > Flashcards

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Subcortical FOrebrain Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Medulla is known as

A

The medulla is also known as the medulla oblongata.

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2
Q

Medulla is responsible for

A

the involuntary mouth and throat movements involved in swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.
It regulates a respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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3
Q

Medulla Brain injury can result in

A

death

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4
Q

Pons is located

A

connects the two halves of the cerebellum

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5
Q

Pons is responsible for

A

Coordinating movements on the two sides of the body. It relays messages betwee the cerebellum and cerbal cortex.

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6
Q

Pon also is resposbible for

A

the respiration and the regulation of deep sleep and REM sleep

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7
Q

Hindbrain Structures consist of

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

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8
Q

Hindbrain is located

A

Just above the spinal cord

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9
Q

Cerebellum coordinates

A

voluntary movements and maintain postures and balance

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10
Q

Damage to the Cerebellum causes

A

Ataxia- symptoms associated with alcohol intoxication that include lack of muscle control, impaired balance and coordination, slured speech, nystagmus (jerky eye movements) and blurred/double vision.

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11
Q

Cerebellum is responsisble for

A

processing and storing procedural memories and implicit memories.

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12
Q

attention
linguistic processing
visuospatial abilities is associated with part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

Midbrain Structures

A

Connects the hindbrain to the forebrain and inclues the reticular formation and substantia nigra.

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14
Q

Reticular Formation consists of

A

consists of a network of neurons that extend from the medulla into the midbrain

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15
Q

Reticular Formations functions

A

functions including regulation of muscle tone, coordination of eye movements, and control of pain

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16
Q

Reticular Formations contains

A

It contains the reticular activating system (RAS) which is also known as the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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17
Q

RAS mediates

A

mediates consciousness and arousal, controls the sleep/wake cycle, and alerts the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals.

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18
Q

Lesions on the RAS

A

Lesions in the RAS can cause a comatose state, while direct electrical stimulation or stimulation by sensory input can awaken a sleeping person and cause an awake person to become more alert.

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19
Q

RAS location

A

in Reticular Formation

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20
Q

Substantia Nigra role is

A

in reward-seeking, drug addiction, and, through its connection to the basal ganglia, motor control.

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21
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms location

A

Substantia Nigra

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22
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a

A

Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra is a cause of the slowed movement, tremors, rigidity, and other motor symptoms

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23
Q

Midbrain structures consist of

A

Reticular Formation

Substantia Nigra

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24
Q

Subcortical Forebrain Structures consist of

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus

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25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains the body’s homeostasis and regulates functions critical to survival through its influence on the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.

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26
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

regulating body temperature, blood pressure, heart and respiration rates, thirst and hunger, growth, sexual activity, reproduction, and the body’s response to stress

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27
Q

Hypothalamus aslo contributes

A

to emotions, memory, and circadian rhythms

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28
Q

Electrical stimulation of or damage to different areas of the hypothalamus can elicit

A

Aggressive behavior and rage or produce crying or laughter

29
Q

mammillary bodies are found where

A

in the Hypothalamus

30
Q

Mammillary bodies play a role in

A

Memory and
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

31
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

serves as the body’s biological clock and regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms

32
Q

Pituitary Glands

A

Produces hormones that stimulate othe release of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

33
Q

anterior pituitary functions are

A

to secrete gonadotropins that regulate the functions of the testes and ovaries

This stems from the hypothalamus initiates the development of secondary sex characteristics and regulates the maturation and maintenance of the reproductive system by secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

34
Q

posterior pituitary

A

(also known as antidiuretic hormone)
stores these hormones and then secretes them into the bloodstream at appropriate times

the hypothalamus sends oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituita

35
Q

oxytocin and/or vasopressin play a role in

A

social bonding and affiliation, trust and cooperation, social recognition, sexual behaviors, social memory, aggression, and psychosocial

36
Q

Grahn, Ottosson, & Uvnas-Moberg, 2021

A

with regard to stress, elevated levels of oxytocin inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system responses to stress, which reduces blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol levels

37
Q

oxytocin has been found to have beneficial effects for people who

A

have autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and other disorders that involve deficits in recognizing emotions in the facial expressions of other people and other aspects of social-emotional cognition.

38
Q

Cardoso, Ellenbogen, & Linnen (2014) found that increasing oxytocin levels in healthy adult subjects using intranasal administration impaired their ability to accurately identify the intensity of facial expressions of emotion in other people because it caused the subjects to be overly sensitive to facial expressions (especially expressions of disgust and surprise).

A

high oxytocin levels in healthy adults can have adverse effects.

39
Q

Thalamus is described as

A

A relay station because it recivesn and then transmits sensory infomration to the cortes expect for smell.

40
Q

Thalamus role is

A

coordination of sensory and motor functioning, lanaguage and speech and
declartive memory.

41
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome is caused by

A

a thiamine deficiency often resulting in chronic alcoholism that damage neurons in the thalamus and mammillary bodies.

42
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome primary symptoms are

A

anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation, which involves filling memory gaps (especially gaps in episodic memory) with false information that the person seems to believe is true.

43
Q

Basal Ganglia consists of

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus

44
Q

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens are collectively referred

A

as the striatum and receive input from the cerebral cortex, while the globus pallidus transmits information to the thalamus

45
Q

The caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens structures involve in the

A

Initiation and control of voluntary movements, procedural and habit learning, cognitive functioning (e.g., attention and decision-making), and emotions

46
Q

Basal ganglia damage has been linked to a number of conditions including

A

mood disorders, schizophrenia, ADHD, OCD, Tourette’s disorder, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.

47
Q

Some authors include the nucleus accumbens

A

basal ganglia, while others include it as part of the limbic system

48
Q

Limbic Stystem consists of structures that involve

A

Emotion

49
Q

The Limbic System includes

A

The amygdala, cingulate cortex, and hippocampus.

50
Q

Functions of the amygdala

A

Experience of emotions
Recognition of fear/emotions in facial expressions
Acquisition of conditioned fear responses
Evaluation of emotional significance of events
Attachment of emotions to memories

51
Q

Amygdala and memory

A

Involved in formation of flashbulb memories (vivid memories of surprising/shocking events)

52
Q

Amygdala and PTSD

A

Hyperactivity in amygdala plays key role in distressing memories/symptoms of PTSD. Hypoactivity of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VPC) reduces regulation of amygdala activity.

53
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Caused by bilateral lesions of amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobes. Symptoms include hyperphagia, hyperorality, reduced fear, hypersexuality, visual agnosia.

54
Q

These investigators noted that the hippocampus is part of the Papez circuit, which Papez (1937) described as also including the mammillary nuclei in the hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate cortex, and several other structures and as being responsible for emotional experience and expression.

A

Consequently, Kluver and Bucy proposed that the destruction of the hippocampus was responsible for the affective symptoms characteristic of Kluver-Bucy syndrome. However, the destruction of the amygdala (rather than the hippocampus) was subsequently identified as the primary cause of these symptoms, and the amygdala was added to a revised version of the Papez circuit (MacLean, 1952).

55
Q

Role in Papez circuit

A

Originally hippocampus thought to cause affective symptoms when lesioned. Later found amygdala as primary cause, so it was added to Papez’s circuit for emotional experience/expression.

56
Q

Components of the cingulate cortex

A

Cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus

57
Q

Functions of the cingulate cortex

A

Motivation
Memory
Emotions, including emotional reactions to pain

58
Q

Effect of cingulate cortex damage

A

People experience pain but are not emotionally distressed by it

59
Q

Disorders linked to cingulate cortex abnormalities

A

Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder

60
Q

Other brain areas involved in depressive/bipolar disorders

A

Prefrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus

61
Q

Primary role of the hippocampus

A

Involved in memory more than emotions compared to other limbic system structures

62
Q

Hippocampus and declarative memory

A

Transfers declarative memories from short-term to long-term. Important for spatial memory.

63
Q

Effects of hippocampal damage

A

Impairments in episodic memory and spatial navigation seen in Alzheimer’s disease linked to degeneration of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

64
Q

Effects of cortisol on hippocampus

A

Acute or chronic increases in cortisol levels impair retrieval of declarative memories.

65
Q

in terms of evolution, is the oldest part of the brain

A

The hindbrain and midbrain constitute the brainstem

65
Q

Hippocampal abnormalities and disorders

A

Contribute to major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and PTSD. Smaller hippocampal volume associated with more severe PTSD symptoms

66
Q

The brain is divided into three regions

A

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

67
Q

The forebrain includes the subcortical structures

A

part of the midbrain. THe midbrain conects the hindbrain to the forebrain. Which includes the reticular formation and substantia nigra

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