Memory and Language-Lecture 4

Question 1

Things that help Learning

Answer 1

1. Rate of Learning (more better)
2. Distributed Practice (less over long period vs lots over short period)
3. Importance of testing and feedback
4. Motivation
5. Arousal (when you are most awake, also depends on whats being tested)
6. Repetition
7. Meaningfulness (more, better)
8. Dual coding/recoding (using multiple codes to learn something, ex. visual, motor, hearing)
9. Study with a friend

Question 2

Levels of Processing

Answer 2

• Amount of info in LTM depends on how deeply it is processed during learning
• Elaborate rehearsal and distinctiveness helps

Question 3

Evaluation of Levels of Processing

Answer 3

• Places emphasis on memory processes rather than memory structures
• true in general that elaborative processing leads to better retention

Question 4

Problems with current Evaluation of Levels of Processing

Answer 4

• Circularity (what does deep mean?)
• Congruity Effect
• Transfer-appropriate processing
• Levels of Processing pattern in implicit memory test? (no)

Question 5

General Principles of Retrieval

Answer 5

• memory traces are connected by means of association or links
• via process of spreading activation (more, stronger link)

Question 6

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 6

• relation between acqusition and retrieval
• each item is encoded with respect to the context in which it is studied
• unique trace with information from target and context
• better retrieval when cue information matches the trace of the item-in-context

Question 7

Context-dependent Memory

Answer 7

Better memory when more accidental features match between encoding and retrieval

Question 8

Environmental context-dependent Memory

Answer 8

Influenced by external factors

Question 9

State dependent context-dependent Memory

Answer 9

influenced by internal environment

only found in recall tasks, not in recognition tasks

Question 10

Mood dependent context-dependent Memory

Answer 10

Memory for emotionally non-neutral material

Better if learned in congruent mood

Question 11

Cognitive context-dependent Memory

Answer 11

Internal context also includes ideas, thoughts, convictions, etc one had encoding

Question 12

Decay theory of forgetting

Answer 12

Fading of memory trace

Consequence: how much remembered depends on time elapsed

Question 13

Interference theory of forgetting

Answer 13

memory traces disrupted or obscured by other material

Consequence: more interpolated events lead to more forgetting

Question 14

Motivated forgetting theory of forgetting

Answer 14

Decide not to remeber something

Active inhibition

Question 15

Consolidation theory of forgetting

Answer 15

• a process lasting for some time which fixes information in LTM
• Theory is that memories can not be fixed in LTM