Memory and Cognitive Part II

Question 1

what is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 1

Irreversible damage to medial thalamus + mamillary bodies

Question 2

what is the common cause of Korsakof’s syndrome?

Answer 2

vitamin B1 defiency

Question 3

what leads to vitamin B1 deficiency in Karsokoff syndrome?

Answer 3

Chronic alcoholism (toxicity of alcohol)

Question 4

what is confabulation?

Answer 4

confusion between memory and imagination)

Question 5

what are the chances of recovery from Karsokoff’s syndrome?

Answer 5

little to no chance

Question 6

what is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 6

attending to stimuli and integrating visual, auditory and somatosensory info (important for attention) (Where is it?)

Question 7

what does posterior parietal cortex damage result in?

Answer 7

neglect

Question 8

what does sensory neglect mean?

Answer 8

incoming sensory information from the contralateral hemispace is ignored

Question 9

what does conceptual neglect mean?

Answer 9

neglect of the body and the external world in the contralateral hemifield

Question 10

what is hemiasomatognosia?

Answer 10

when a patient dies the affected side of their body belongs to them

Question 11

what does motor neglect mean?

Answer 11

fewer movements in the contralateral space

Question 12

what is the role of the temporal cortex?

Answer 12

Identifying the nature of stimuli
(What is it?)

Question 13

what is agnosia?

Answer 13

an inability to recognize sensory stimuli.

Question 14

what does damage to the inferior temporal cortex lead to?

Answer 14

1. visual agnosia (patient can see, but not identify)
2. prosopagnosia (cant identify someone by their face, but other cues like voice etc)

Question 15

what does damage to the middle temporal cortex lead to?

Answer 15

movement agnosia (cannot distinguish between moving and stationary)

Question 16

what is the role of the frontal cortex?

Answer 16

Selecting and planning an
appropriate response
(What to do about it?)

Question 17

when does the prefrontal cortex develop?

Answer 17

in very late 20s-30s (that why mental health condition develop late)

Question 18

what is the role of the ventral part of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 18

regulates emotion

Question 18

what is the role of the dorsal part of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 18

regulate thought and attention

Question 19

what produces dopamine in the reward circuit?

Answer 19

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 20

what does the executive function in the prefrontal cortex do?

Answer 20

– Long-term planning
– Withholding impulsive behaviour
– ‘Cognitive control’

Question 21

how is the executive function important in pathologies?

Answer 21

• Addiction
• Personality Disorders
• Dementia
• everyday behaviours

Question 22

what is dysarthria?

Answer 22

Difficulty moving the muscles of the
face + tongue that mediates speaking

Question 23

what is aphasia?

Answer 23

difficulty in naming objects and the repetition of words is impaired. (difficulty with language)

Question 24

what is Wernicke’s Area?

Answer 24

area in the brain that helps with understanding language

Question 25

what is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

Answer 25

unable to understand language (fluent speech, but makes no sense)

Question 26

what causes the damage to Wernicke’s area?

Answer 26

*often as a result of stroke
*branches of the middle cerebral artery

Question 27

which therapy helps in Wernicke’s Aphasia?

Answer 27

Tactus therapy

Question 28

what is Broca’s area?

Answer 28

the area in the frontal cortex that is responsible for creating language

Question 29

what is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 29

difficulty in constructing their speech