Implication of Parkinson's Disease

Question 1

what are the abnormal motor features of PD?

Answer 1

slowness of movement, rigidity, resting
tremor, postural instability, forward flexed posture, freezing
phenomenon

Question 2

what are the non-motor features of PD?

Answer 2

dementia, sleep disorders,
emotional behaviours, loss of appetite, anosmia, reduced gastric
motility

Question 3

what are the chracteristics of PD?

Answer 3

• loss of dopamine producitng cells in mid-brain neurons
• loss of neuromelanin
  *accumumation of Lewy-bodies
  *death of astrocytes
  *increase number of reective microglia

Question 4

why do dopamine cells die?

Answer 4

*dendritic complexity due to high energy demand = depletion of ATP to feed the Na+/K+ pump
*mitochondrial toxins and deficits

Question 5

what are the significance of neuroimmune system?

Answer 5

*distinct from perepheral immune system
*protects neurones fron pathogens visa inflammation (phogocytosis)
* composed primarily of glial cells

Question 5

what are the current treatments for PD?

Answer 5

1. dopamine replacement
2. dopamine agonists
3. monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor
4. deep brain stimulation
5. transcaranial magnetic stimulation
6. neutrophic agents like GDNF

Question 6

what are the complications of dopamine replacements

Answer 6

little to no effect on non-motor features of PD and short acting

Question 7

what are the non-dopaminergic agents for motor impairment?

Answer 7

*anti-cholinergics
*glutamate antagonists
* muscle relaxants (diazepam)

Question 8

what are the non-dopaminergic agents for non-motor impairment

Answer 8

*Dementia (rivastigmine)
* Depression (SSRIs)
* Insomina (zolpidem)

Question 9

what are the future treatments for PD?

Answer 9

cell replacement/ stem cell replacement

Question 10

what treatment can be done for non-motor complication in PD?

Answer 10

Promoting endogenous repair via rejuvenation of new neurone formation in the hippocampus
to promote memory function.