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Psychology Paper One > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Anxiety

A

Emotional arousal where people experience uncertainty

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2
Q

Articulatory Process

A

Part of phonological loop that repeats sounds and words

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3
Q

Capacity

A

The amount of information held in the memory

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4
Q

Central Executive

A

Part of the working memory model that coordinates other components

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5
Q

Coding

A

Changing the format of information for use in memory

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6
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Interview technique devised to improve the the accuracy to witness recall

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7
Q

Context dependant failure

A

Forgetting due to external cues being different to the time of learning

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8
Q

Cue dependant forgetting

A

Failure to recall due to absence of cue/trigger

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9
Q

Duration

A

length of time information is in your memory

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10
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Part of the working memory model that integrates information to other components

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11
Q

Episodic memory

A

LTM - about specific events and experiences

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12
Q

Eye witness testimony

A

Account given by people of an event they have witnessed

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13
Q

Forgetting

A

failure to retrieve memories

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14
Q

Inner scribe

A

Part of the visuo-spatial sketchpad, stores physical relationship of items

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15
Q

Inference theory

A

Memory disrupted by things learnt in the past or future

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16
Q

Leading Question

A

Questioned phrased to prompt a desired answer

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17
Q

Long term memory

A

Permanent store holding unlimited amounts of information for long periods of time

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18
Q

Misleading Information

A

Incorrect information given to the eyewitness

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19
Q

Multi-store memory

A

Memory that flows through a series of sources

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20
Q

Phonological Loop

A

WWM - dealing with auditory information

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21
Q

Post-event discussion

A

Source of misleading information where witnesses discuss what they saw

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22
Q

Primary acoustic store

A

Phonological loop stores words that are heard

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23
Q

Proactive inference

A

Old memories interfere with the new ones

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24
Q

Procedural memory

A

LTM - knowing how

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25
Q

Repression

A

Unpleasant material pushed into concious mind

26
Q

Retrival

A

recall of stored memories

27
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

Recall thar are due to the absence of the correct retriavl cues

28
Q

Retroactive Inference

A

New memories interfere with the old

29
Q

Schema

A

Cognitive framework that helps organise information

30
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts and information

31
Q

Sensory register

A

sensory information lasting no longer than a few seconds

32
Q

Short term memory

A

temporary memory store that holds limited information for a short period of time

33
Q

State dependant forgetting

A

forgetting occurs because emotional state is different to the time of learning

34
Q

Visual Cache

A

visuo spatial sketchpad - WMM deals with visual information

35
Q

Working memory model

A

Model suggests STM is composed from 3 limited capacity stores

36
Q

What is the duration capacity and coding of sensory memory

A

Duration - half a second
Capacity - 5 objects can be consciously recalled
Coding - sense specific

37
Q

What is the duration capacity and coding of short term memory

A

Duration - 18 seconds
Capacity - 7+/-2
Coding - acoustic

38
Q

What is the duration capacity and coding of long term memory

A

Duration - unlimited
Capacity - unlimited
Coding - semantic

39
Q

+ MSM - Clive Wearing

A

amnesia; no LTM (no memories of the past eg. His children; previous sentence in a conversation); STM only.

40
Q

+ MSM - KF

A

motorcycle crash where he had sustained brain damage. His LTM seemed to be unaffected but he was only able to recall the last bit of information he had heard in his STM.

41
Q
  • MSM - Simplicity
A

The separation of STM and LTM is too simplistic. Perhaps memory is more complex – there may be more elements to STM and LTM

42
Q
  • MSM - Logie
A

Suggests that LTM is needed first in order to make meaningful chunks; the meaning would be stored in LTM.

43
Q

Baddeley and Hitch - dual task, what were their hypotheses

A

If different stores are involved in concurrent tasks… there will be no interference; both tasks will be completed successfully
• If the same store is being used for two concurrent tasks… there will be interference; tasks are found to be more difficult or not completed successfully

44
Q
  • WMM - Central Executive
A

Little is known about how the central executive works. It is an important part of the model but its exact role is unclear.

45
Q
  • WWM - Dual task
A

Dual task performance tasks lack realism because these are not encountered in everyday life.

46
Q

Evidence for Episodic LTM

A

Tulving
Six volunteers injected with gamma rays and thought about either an episodic or semantic memory which highlighted digger the parts of the brain

47
Q
  • of Tulvings Episodic study
A

Bias - used people he knew including himself and his wife

48
Q

Evidence for Semantic LTM

A

Kroenig
drew imaginary animals called “crutters” and compared how Alzheimer patients and non-sufferers identified a “crutter” either using a direct comparison ( a drawing of a crutter) or using a rule that matched three out of four target features.

49
Q

Evidence for Procedural LTM

A

Finke
PM, 68 year old professional cellist who had severe amnesia. His episodic and semantic memory were affected, he could not remember musical facts but his procedural memory seemed to be unaffected as he could read and play music and could learn complex, new pieces.

50
Q
  • Types of LTM There is limited research on procedural memory
A

particularly on which areas of the brain are used. This is because it is rare to find patients with brain damage that affects procedural memory but not explicit memory.

51
Q

Fourth type of LTM

A

Priming and the perceptual-representation system. Priming describes how implicit memories influence responses people make to a stimulus

52
Q
  • Inference Theory - Based on laboratory experiments
A

As a result, it may not be possible to generalize from the findings.

53
Q
  • Inference Theory - Individual differences
A

Kane and Engle showed that those with greater working memory were less susceptible to proactive interference

54
Q

+ Inference Theory - Real world applications

A

advertising strategies try to prevent inference by running multiple exposures to an advert on the same day and avoiding clashes with similar brands

55
Q

Cue Dependant Retrieval Studies

A

Baddeley - deep sea dives (context)

Goodwin - alcohol (state)

56
Q
  • Cue dependency - lab
A

not like everyday memory tasks – lack ecological validity

57
Q
  • Cue dependant - Nairne
A

suggests that cues do not cause the retrieval but are instead a correlation – cues and recall are associated but not causal.

58
Q

+ Cue Dependant - Crime scene reconstructions

A

help jog the memory of witnesses by recreating the context through use of retrieval cues

59
Q

Words used in Loftus and Palmers study

A

Hit, smashed, collided, bumped and contacted

60
Q

Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer

A
  • Lacks mundane realism (videos dont cue emotional reactions)
  • Only used students (not representative)
61
Q

3 Weaknesses of Cognitive Interview

A
  • It is time consuming to conduct and takes much longer than a standard police interview
  • Some police forces only use aspects of CI so it is difficult to assess its effectiveness.
  • Change of perspective is less used – could lead to speculation / inaccuracy
62
Q

2 Support of Cognitive Interview

A
  • It has been modified for use with children/vulnerable.
  • Individual differences - May overcome perceived ideas about older people’s memories being less reliable and thus are cautious about giving more information. Mello and Fisher (1996) found that the CI was more advantageous for older participants.

Psychology Paper One (4 decks)

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