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Psychology 1X03 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

fundamental cognitive mechanism that allows you to encode, store, and retrieve information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

reflects data entry or how information initially enters into memory, a selective process that is highly dependent on attention

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3
Q

Storage

A

concerns how the record of memory is maintained over time; this record is not fixed and can be modified

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

the act of recovering stored information; dependent on retrieval cues, a key piece of information that has the potential to activate a memory in full

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5
Q

Memory metaphors

A

video camera, filing cabinet, computer

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6
Q

Data vs. memory

A

data = stored data is identical to inputted information, retrieved data is identical to inputted information;
memory = stored memory includes personal details and interpretations,
retrieved memory may be altered or lost

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7
Q

Retention interval

A

the longer you wait to recall specific memory, the more likely to forget some of the details

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8
Q

Recall test

A

generate as many items as you remember

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9
Q

Recognition test

A

judge whether items are old or new

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10
Q

Sensory memory

A

transient maintenance of perceptual and physical information from the very recent past; not limited by attention; decays extremely quickly

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11
Q

Iconic memory

A

visual information represented by visual system

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12
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory information represented by auditory system

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13
Q

Short-term memory

A

only some of the information in sensory memory is selected for further processing and enters short term memory

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14
Q

Storage of short-term memory

A

if unrehearsed, selected information can be maintained in the short-term memory buffer for about 20 seconds;
when information is rehearsed, it can be maintained for longer periods of time;
number of items that can be stored is 7 +/- 2 times

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15
Q

Chunking

A

organizing information into sets of familiar groups or categories of items; increases short-term memory

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16
Q

Working memory

A

upgrade to the original conceptualization of short term memory; consists of three short-term buffers

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17
Q

Phonological loop

A

temporary storage of 7 +/- 2 bits of phonological information for a short period of time;
maintains information that can be rehearsed verbally

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18
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

temporarily represents and manipulates visual information

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19
Q

Episodic buffer

A

draws on the other buffers as well as on other stored long-term memories; engaged when remembering specific past episodes

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20
Q

Central executive

A

coordinates and manipulates information that is temporarily maintained in the buffers;
allows working memory to be more flexible and controllable than short-term memory

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21
Q

Long-term memory

A

only some memories make it to the long-term store;
information can be copied from short term to long term memory but this transfer is dependent on the rehearsal or encoding of that information

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22
Q

Organization of long-term memory

A

new information seems to be organized according to prior knowledge;
tendency to recall related information is clusters or groups even if information was learned in random order

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23
Q

Flow between short-term and long-term memory

A

flow between short term and long term memory is not unidirectional;
information is transferred from stored to conscious state when we are remembering the past

24
Q

Declarative memories

A

memory for factual information, explicit memories (prototypical conception)

25
Q

Semantic memories

A

general knowledge not tied to a particular place or time

26
Q

Episodic memories

A

specific memories of past personal experiences tied to a particular place and time

27
Q

Nondeclarative memories

A

learned actions and procedures, conditioned responses, implicit memories

28
Q

Patient H.M

A

had medial temporal lobes removed in an attempt to mitigate severe epilepsy;
reduced epilepsy but caused memory deficit; experienced
retrograde and anterograde amnesia

29
Q

Short-term memory and the brain

A

short term memory is established in the hippocampus;

this experience modifies connections among neurons to create an active link

30
Q

Long-term memory and the brain

A

hippocampus might also assist in coordinating the activation of distributed cortical regions that are involved in representing parts of the whole memory

31
Q

Serial position curve

A

memory performance is often best for items presented earlier or later in the list, and worst for items presented in the middle

32
Q

Primacy effect

A

performance is good at beginning of list; first to enter short term memory, most opportunity to be rehearsed and transferred to long term memory

33
Q

Recency effect

A

performance is good at end of list;
the newest items replace the oldest items in the short term memory buffer
remain active in short term memory

34
Q

Manipulating primacy and recency effects

A

increasing time between item presentations affects primacy effect; recency task is diminished for groups who had to perform a distracting test immediately following encoding process

35
Q

Levels of processing principle

A

the more we try to organize and understand the material, the better we remember it

36
Q

Deep vs. shallow processing

A

items encoded at a deeper level (more attention, more elaboration) result in longer lasting memory;
items encoded at a shallower level (less attention, less elaboration) result in weaker lasting memory

37
Q

Self-reference effect

A

thinking about the information as it pertains to you;

deeper level than even semantic processing

38
Q

Encoding specificity

A

an item is not processed in isolation but together with the surrounding context; dependent on specificity of relation to the item

39
Q

Scuba divers experiment

A

scuba divers studying word lists underwater subsequently remember more words underwater than on dry land;
memory is better for items that were encoded and retrieved in the same environment

40
Q

Drug use experiment

A

information encoded under the influence of marijuana was best recalled while in the same drug state;
however, best overall performance was in the placebo-placebo condition

41
Q

Transfer-appropriate processing

A

proposes that memory is aided when similar processes are engaged at encoding and retrieval

42
Q

Forgetting

A

forgetting occurs when we lose the ability to retrieve previously stored information; allows current information to be remembered more effectively

43
Q

Forgetting curve

A

memory saving decrease greatly at the beginning, then decline more gradually over time

44
Q

Decay theory

A

forgetting occurs because memories fade with time; however it is not a well established theory

45
Q

Interference

A

associating a cue with different information

46
Q

Proactive interference

A

occurs if interfering information was learned prior to specific memory

47
Q

Retroactive interference

A

occurs if new information interferes with retrieval of old information

48
Q

Temporary forgetting

A

words that have induced tip-of-tongue state in the past are more likely to do so in the future; associated with error-prone retrieval process

49
Q

Repression

A

horrific memories can be repressed as a defense mechanism;

however, it is possible that it is an example of ordinary forgetting

50
Q

Elizabeth Loftus - false memories

A

participants had to remember a list of childhood memories, but one given was a false memory; by the third day, more than 20% of subjects believed that it was a true memory

51
Q

Memory errors

A

memories are not replicas of the past but rather reconstructions that can be shaped by related but misleading information

52
Q

Misinformation effect

A

creation of false memories by incorporating new erroneous information with an old memory

53
Q

Source monitoring

A

process by which we make attributions about the origins of memory

54
Q

Fluency

A

the ease with which an experience is processed;

based on familiarity vs. novel experiences

55
Q

Attribution

A

judgment tying together causes with effects

56
Q

False fame effect

A

misattribution generated to explain processing fluency;

due to delay, more difficult to attribute processing fluency

57
Q

False memory implantation

A

repeatedly imagining an event can lead to a false memory, even for very bizarre situations

Psychology 1X03 (11 decks)

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