Memory Flashcards

1
Q

explicit memory (declarative)

A

storage of facts and epidsodes

further categorized episodic (memory of personal experience) and semantic (words/concepts)

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2
Q

implicit (non declarative)

A

“motor” learning, changes in skilled behaviors

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3
Q

how does implicit memory affect explicit memories?

A

implicit memory can affect

salience (how important it was)
valence (emotionality)
accuracy (attention to detail)

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4
Q

important anatomy of the hippocampus

A

hippocampus
dentate gyrus
subiculum
entorhinal cortex

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5
Q

perirhinal and parahippocampal corticies

A

object recognition

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6
Q

storage of explicit memory

A

diffusely distributed in cortex

occurs w/ some laterality
right- spatial
left- object

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7
Q

4 phases of explicit memory

A

encoding- processes by which new info is attended to and linked to existing info

storage- both the mechanisms and the actual parts of the brain for memory retention

consolidation- processes that endow temporary memories with permanence

retrieval- recall

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8
Q

medial temporal lobe damage impairs which phases of memory?

A

all 4

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9
Q

working memory location

A

prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

two components of working memory

A

verbal and visuospatial info

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11
Q

efficacy of working memory can be modulated by these 2 channels

A

ACh muscarinic receptors

Dopamine- needs to be at intermediate level

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12
Q

dentate gyrus

A

engrams- memory traces in the hippocampus

memories of emotionality- fear or reward conditioning

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13
Q

long term potentiation

A

long lasting, activity dependent increase in synaptic efficacy at an individual synapse

type of plasticity

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14
Q

what are the mechanisms of LTP?

A

functional changes in-
postsynaptic receptor #
postsynaptic receptor channel function
presynaptic NT release

structural changes-
numbers of postsynaptic spines
size of spine heads
spine stability

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15
Q

CA1 region

A

send axons that project to the entorhinal cortex and the subiculum

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16
Q

pathway from the entorhinal cortex to hippocampus

A

perforant pathway

17
Q

mossy fiber pathway

A

dentate to CA3

18
Q

schaffer collaterals

A

CA3 to CA1

release glutamate neurons, exciting them

shows LTP- following high level of presynaptic activity, epsps are elevated for a log time after

19
Q

CA2

A

receive input from lateral entorhinal cortex conveying non spatial info

mice w/o CA2 show deficits in social memory and social behavior

20
Q

induction vs expression of LTP

A

induction- biochemical processes that arise from the high level of activity

to induce- need a hihg level activity and release high level of glutamate

postsynaptic AMPA must be depolarized by glutamate

glutamate must activate NMDA receptors

expression- long term changes (structural and function) that underlie synaptic enhancement

21
Q

AMPA receptors

A

Na/K, but more Na, low Ca permeability

22
Q

NMDA receptors

A

under conditions of low excitation, blocked by Mg

high activity will release Mg, allowing NMDA to come in

NMDA allos Na/K, but also Ca

23
Q

LTP specificity and associativity

A

only the synapses that are highly activated and the neighbors are potentiated

neighbor synapses may also receive some potentiation d/t proximity

24
Q

why is Ca so important for LTP?

A

activates PKA, PKC and calcium dependent protein kinase II (CAMK-II)

interact w/ ribosomes and mRNA localized to dendritic spines which allow for changes in gene expression:

  • insertion of AMPA receptors
  • stabilize AMPA receptors in the membrane
  • phosphorylation increases AMPA receptor conductance
  • actin enlargement of the spine
25
LTP is a genetic and epigenetic phenomena
ok
26
long term depression
coordinate pre and post synaptic activity at a lower level than normal. results in low level of Ca influx through NMDA, which activate phosphateses that promote internalization of receptors and dephosphorylaiton of AMPA receptors
27
how does stress effect learning?
hippocampal neurons express high levels of glucocorticoid receptors impairs schaffer collateral LTP and learning and neurogenesis in dentate gyrus context dependent- only deleterious when rats cant control stresss
28
when is the most stress sensitive period
juvenility is worse compared to adults
29
optogenetics to change valence
stimulated dentate gyrus neurons in order to manipulate fear/reward associations in certain memories (change valence)