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Neuroscience 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

explicit memory (declarative)

A

storage of facts and epidsodes

further categorized episodic (memory of personal experience) and semantic (words/concepts)

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2
Q

implicit (non declarative)

A

“motor” learning, changes in skilled behaviors

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3
Q

how does implicit memory affect explicit memories?

A

implicit memory can affect

salience (how important it was)
valence (emotionality)
accuracy (attention to detail)

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4
Q

important anatomy of the hippocampus

A

hippocampus
dentate gyrus
subiculum
entorhinal cortex

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5
Q

perirhinal and parahippocampal corticies

A

object recognition

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6
Q

storage of explicit memory

A

diffusely distributed in cortex

occurs w/ some laterality
right- spatial
left- object

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7
Q

4 phases of explicit memory

A

encoding- processes by which new info is attended to and linked to existing info

storage- both the mechanisms and the actual parts of the brain for memory retention

consolidation- processes that endow temporary memories with permanence

retrieval- recall

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8
Q

medial temporal lobe damage impairs which phases of memory?

A

all 4

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9
Q

working memory location

A

prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

two components of working memory

A

verbal and visuospatial info

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11
Q

efficacy of working memory can be modulated by these 2 channels

A

ACh muscarinic receptors

Dopamine- needs to be at intermediate level

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12
Q

dentate gyrus

A

engrams- memory traces in the hippocampus

memories of emotionality- fear or reward conditioning

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13
Q

long term potentiation

A

long lasting, activity dependent increase in synaptic efficacy at an individual synapse

type of plasticity

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14
Q

what are the mechanisms of LTP?

A

functional changes in-
postsynaptic receptor #
postsynaptic receptor channel function
presynaptic NT release

structural changes-
numbers of postsynaptic spines
size of spine heads
spine stability

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15
Q

CA1 region

A

send axons that project to the entorhinal cortex and the subiculum

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16
Q

pathway from the entorhinal cortex to hippocampus

A

perforant pathway

17
Q

mossy fiber pathway

A

dentate to CA3

18
Q

schaffer collaterals

A

CA3 to CA1

release glutamate neurons, exciting them

shows LTP- following high level of presynaptic activity, epsps are elevated for a log time after

19
Q

CA2

A

receive input from lateral entorhinal cortex conveying non spatial info

mice w/o CA2 show deficits in social memory and social behavior

20
Q

induction vs expression of LTP

A

induction- biochemical processes that arise from the high level of activity

to induce- need a hihg level activity and release high level of glutamate

postsynaptic AMPA must be depolarized by glutamate

glutamate must activate NMDA receptors

expression- long term changes (structural and function) that underlie synaptic enhancement

21
Q

AMPA receptors

A

Na/K, but more Na, low Ca permeability

22
Q

NMDA receptors

A

under conditions of low excitation, blocked by Mg

high activity will release Mg, allowing NMDA to come in

NMDA allos Na/K, but also Ca

23
Q

LTP specificity and associativity

A

only the synapses that are highly activated and the neighbors are potentiated

neighbor synapses may also receive some potentiation d/t proximity

24
Q

why is Ca so important for LTP?

A

activates PKA, PKC and calcium dependent protein kinase II (CAMK-II)

interact w/ ribosomes and mRNA localized to dendritic spines which allow for changes in gene expression:

  • insertion of AMPA receptors
  • stabilize AMPA receptors in the membrane
  • phosphorylation increases AMPA receptor conductance
  • actin enlargement of the spine
25
Q

LTP is a genetic and epigenetic phenomena

A

ok

26
Q

long term depression

A

coordinate pre and post synaptic activity at a lower level than normal.

results in low level of Ca influx through NMDA, which activate phosphateses that promote internalization of receptors and dephosphorylaiton of AMPA receptors

27
Q

how does stress effect learning?

A

hippocampal neurons express high levels of glucocorticoid receptors

impairs schaffer collateral LTP and learning and neurogenesis in dentate gyrus

context dependent- only deleterious when rats cant control stresss

28
Q

when is the most stress sensitive period

A

juvenility is worse compared to adults

29
Q

optogenetics to change valence

A

stimulated dentate gyrus neurons in order to manipulate fear/reward associations in certain memories (change valence)

Neuroscience 1 (13 decks)

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